practice quiz

Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?
A. Erythrocyte
B. Leukocyte
C. Platelet
D. Plasma

plasma

Which protein in red blood cells binds oxygen?
A. Fibrinogen
B. Hemoglobin
C. Myosin
D. Actin

hemoglobin

Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?
A. Yellow bone marrow
B. Liver
C. Red bone marrow
D. Spleen

red bone marrow

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?
A. Basophil
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Lymphocyte

neutrophil

Which layer of the heart wall is made mostly of cardiac muscle?
A. Epicardium
B. Myocardium
C. Endocardium
D. Pericardium

myocardium

Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
A. Left ventricle
B. Right atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left atrium

left atrium

he valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is called the:
A. Tricuspid valve
B. Pulmonary valve
C. Mitral valve
D. Aortic valve

mitral valve

What structure initiates the heartbeat?
A. AV node
B. SA node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His

SA node

Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
A. Pulmonary veins
B. Pulmonary arteries
C. Aorta
D. Superior vena cava

pulmonary arteries

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?
A. Generate heartbeat
B. Prevent valve prolapse
C. Conduct impulses
D. Pump blood into the lungs

prevent valve prolapse

Which of the following lists the layers of a blood vessel wall in order from innermost to outermost?
A. Tunica media → externa → interna
B. Tunica externa → media → interna
C. Tunica interna → media → externa
D. Tunica interna → externa → media

Tunica interna → media → externa

Which type of artery distributes blood to specific organs?
A. Elastic artery
B. Conducting artery
C. Muscular artery
D. Capillary

muscular artery

Veins are different from arteries in that they:
A. Have thicker walls
B. Have narrower lumens
C. Contain valves
D. Carry oxygen-rich blood

contain valves

Which vein drains blood from the lower half of the body?
A. Jugular vein
B. Superior vena cava
C. Hepatic portal vein
D. Inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
A. Deliver oxygen to tissues
B. Maintain blood sugar levels
C. Return fluid to circulation and filter it
D. Store white blood cells

Return fluid to circulation and filter it

The thoracic duct empties lymph into the:
A. Right subclavian vein
B. Aorta
C. Left subclavian vein
D. Superior vena cava

left subclavian vein

What organ filters blood and recycles old red blood cells?
A. Spleen
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Pancreas

spleen

What are lymph nodes mainly made of?
A. Neurons and astrocytes
B. Muscle and cartilage
C. Lymphocytes and macrophages
D. Fat and plasma

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Which tonsils are located at the back of the throat (oropharynx)?
A. Pharyngeal tonsils
B. Lingual tonsils
C. Palatine tonsils
D. Tubal tonsils

palatine tonsils

Which of the following contains MALT?
A. Brain
B. Skin
C. Appendix
D. Bone marrow

appendix

What is the main function of the nasal conchae?
A. Anchor vocal cords
B. Exchange gases
C. Moisten and filter air
D. Produce mucus

moisten and filter air

What structure prevents food from entering the airway?
A. Larynx
B. Trachea
C. Esophagus
D. Epiglottis

epiglottis

Gas exchange occurs in which structure?
A. Bronchi
B. Alveoli
C. Trachea
D. Larynx

alveoli

What muscle is the primary driver of inhalation?
A. Intercostals
B. Abdominals
C. Diaphragm
D. Deltoid

diaphragm

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into:
A. Bronchioles
B. Lymph capillaries
C. Pulmonary arteries
D. Pulmonary capillaries

pulmonary capillaries

Which of the following is a granulocyte?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Monocyte
C. Eosinophil
D. Platelet

eosinophil

Which part of a hemoglobin molecule binds oxygen?
A. Iron in the heme group
B. Globin chain
C. Calcium ion
D. Plasma

iron in the heme group

What is the function of platelets?
A. Carry oxygen
B. Immune defense
C. Blood clotting
D. Hormone transpor

blood clotting

The process of blood cell production is called:
A. Erythropoiesis
B. Hemostasis
C. Hemopoiesis
D. Hemolysis

hemopoisis

Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium?
A. Mitral valve
B. Pulmonary semilunar valve
C. Aortic semilunar valve
D. Tricuspid valve

tricuspid valve

What part of the heart is also known as the visceral pericardium?
A. Myocardium
B. Endocardium
C. Epicardium
D. Fibrous pericardium

epicardium

Which blood vessel delivers oxygenated blood to the heart tissue?
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Coronary artery
C. Superior vena cava
D. Pulmonary vein

coronary artery

Which of the following occurs during ventricular systole?
A. AV valves open
B. Atria contract
C. Semilunar valves open
D. Blood enters the atria

Semilunar valves open

What structure carries electrical impulses through the interventricular septum?
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Bundle of His
D. Purkinje fibers

bundle of his

Which vessel returns blood from the upper body to the heart?
A. Inferior vena cava
B. Aorta
C. Superior vena cava
D. Pulmonary vein

superior vena cava

What type of capillary has small pores and is found in kidneys and endocrine organs?
A. Continuous capillaries
B. Fenestrated capillaries
C. Sinusoids
D. Anastomoses

Fenestrated capillaries

Which type of vessel directly connects arterioles to venules in the capillary bed?
A. Precapillary sphincter
B. Portal vein
C. Thoroughfare channel
D. Distributing artery

thoroughfare channel

Which is a characteristic of arteries?
A. Collapsed walls
B. Thin tunica media
C. Valves
D. High pressure

high blood preesure

Which of the following is true of venules?
A. Carry blood away from the heart
B. Contain elastic lamina
C. Receive blood from capillaries
D. Are part of the pulmonary circuit only

Receive blood from capillaries

What is an anastomosis?
A. Branch of a vein
B. Vessel that leads to a lymph node
C. Merging of two or more blood vessels
D. Portal vein in the liver

Merging of two or more blood vessels

Which layer of a blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
A. Tunica interna
B. Tunica externa
C. Tunica media
D. Endothelium

tunica media

The hepatic portal system connects:
A. Kidney to heart
B. Intestines to liver
C. Lungs to heart
D. Liver to pancreas

intestines to liver

Lymph is most similar to:
A. Plasma
B. Red blood cells
C. Cerebrospinal fluid
D. Platelets

plasma

The function of lymphatic capillaries is to:
A. Deliver oxygen
B. Absorb and return interstitial fluid
C. Pump lymph
D. Store calcium

Absorb and return interstitial fluid

What organ is essential for T-cell maturation in infants and children?
A. Spleen
B. Lymph node
C. Thymus
D. Appendix

thymus

Which structure marks the beginning of the lower respiratory tract?
A. Nasal cavity
B. Larynx
C. Pharynx
D. Mouth

larynx

What type of epithelium lines most of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
A. Stratified squamous
B. Simple cuboidal
C. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
D. Simple squamous

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?
A. Filter debris
B. Prevent alveoli from collapsing
C. Stimulate coughing
D. Increase oxygen binding

Prevent alveoli from collapsing

Which cartilage forms the Adam’s apple?
A. Cricoid cartilage
B. Epiglottis
C. Thyroid cartilage
D. Arytenoid cartilage

thyroid cartilage

During expiration, the diaphragm:
A. Contracts and moves downward
B. Relaxes and moves upward
C. Contracts and flattens
D. Increases thoracic volume

Relaxes and moves upward

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for osmotic pressure?
A. Globulin
B. Albumin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Hemoglobin

albumin

Which formed element is responsible for immune defense?
A. Erythrocyte
B. Platelet
C. Leukocyte
D. Plasma cell

leukocytes

What triggers erythropoietin release from the kidneys?
A. High oxygen levels
B. Low blood sugar
C. Low oxygen levels
D. High carbon dioxide

low oxygen levels

Hemostasis involves all the following EXCEPT:
A. Vascular spasm
B. Platelet plug formation
C. Antibody production
D. Coagulation

antibody production

Which layer lines the internal surface of the heart chambers?
A. Epicardium
B. Endocardium
C. Myocardium
D. Pericardium

endocardium

The interventricular septum separates:
A. Left and right atria
B. Pulmonary and systemic circuits
C. Left and right ventricles
D. Atria and ventricles

left and right ventricles

What happens when the left ventricle contracts?
A. Blood enters the right ventricle
B. Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk
C. Blood passes into the left atrium
D. Blood is ejected into the aorta

blood is ejected into aorta

Which branch of the left coronary artery runs along the interventricular sulcus?
A. Marginal artery
B. Posterior interventricular artery
C. Circumflex artery
D. Anterior interventricular artery

Anterior interventricular artery

The coronary sinus drains into the:
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Pulmonary vein
D. Aorta

right atrium

Which part of the conduction system slows the signal to allow atrial contraction?
A. SA node
B. Purkinje fibers
C. AV bundle
D. AV node

AV node

What vessel type regulates blood pressure by vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
A. Arteries
B. Arterioles
C. Capillaries
D. Venules

arterioloes

Capillaries are composed of:
A. Three tunics
B. Smooth muscle
C. Endothelium only
D. Fibrous tissue

endothelium only

he tunica externa of a vessel is made primarily of:
A. Endothelium
B. Smooth muscle
C. Elastic tissue
D. Collagen and connective tissue

Collagen and connective tissue

Which of the following has the largest total cross-sectional area?
A. Aorta
B. Arteries
C. Veins
D. Capillaries

veins

Portal systems differ from standard circulation in that they:
A. Involve valves
B. Connect two capillary beds
C. Only occur in the lungs
D. Carry lymph instead of blood

lymph nodes

Which lymphatic organ filters lymph?
A. Thymus
B. Lymph node
C. Spleen
D. Appendix

lymph node

where are Peyer’s patches found?
A. Stomach
B. Lungs
C. Small intestine
D. Brain

small intestine

The spleen is located:
A. In the lower right quadrant
B. In the upper left quadrant
C. Next to the bladder
D. Behind the pancreas

in the upper left quadrant

Which structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and right side of the head and thorax?
A. Thoracic duct
B. Right lymphatic duct
C. Cisterna chyli
D. Coronary sinus

right lymphatic duct

The conducting portion of the respiratory system includes all EXCEPT:
A. Trachea
B. Larynx
C. Bronchi
D. Alveoli

alveoli

Which region of the pharynx connects to the middle ear via the auditory tube?
A. Oropharynx
B. Laryngopharynx
C. Nasopharynx
D. Hypopharynx

nasopharynx

What structure produces sound?
A. Epiglottis
B. Vocal cords
C. Cricoid cartilage
D. Bronchioles

vocal cord

What structure marks the end of the trachea and splits into the bronchi?
A. Carina
B. Larynx
C. Glottis
D. Trachealis

carnia

What cells secrete surfactant in the alveoli?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. Type II alveolar cells
C. Macrophages
D. Goblet cells

Type II alveolar cells