muscles test review

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

Attatched to bones

Cylindrical

Striations

Slow to fast

No rhytm

Characteristics of smooth muscle

Walls of hollow organs

Eye-shape

No striations

Very slow

Yes (in some)

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

Walls of the heart

Branching chains

Striations

Slow

Has rhthym

Endomysium

Encloses single muscle fiber

Fascicle

Bundle of muscle fibers

Perimysium

Wraps around fascicle

Epimysium

Covers entire skeletal muscle

Tendon

Cordlike structure that connects muscle to bone

What are the four main functions of muscles?

Mantain posture

Stabilize joints

Generate heat

Produce movement

What is a sarcolemma?

Specialized plasma membrane

What is a sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What is a sarcomere?

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber

What are thick and thin flaments made up of in a myofilament and what are their alternative names.

Thick- Myosin filament

Thin- Actin filaments

What chemical does sacroplasmic reticulum release and what does this chemical do for the muscle?

It releases calcium which provides the final “go” for muscle contractions

Neurotransmitter of the muscle

Acetylcholine

What is the sliding filament theory?

An explanation for why muscles slide.

What is happening in sliding filament theory?

Calcium ions bind regulatory proteins on thin filaments & expose myosin binding sites for myosin heads on thick filaments to attach to. The thin filaments slide toward the center of the sacormere & the muscle contracts.

Twitch

Single, brief, jerky contraction

Summing

Response to rapid stimulation. One contraction followed immediatly by another.

Unfused Tetanus

Stimulations gets stronger, contractions get stronger and smoother

Fused Tetanus

Muscles stimulated so rapidly no evidence of relaxation can be seen

Direct Phosphorylation

Reaction of CP and ADP

1 ATP

Reactants of aerobic pathway

Oxygen & glucose

Products of aerobic pathway

CO2 & H2O

32 ATP

Reactants of anaerobic pathway

Glucose (NO OXYGEN)

Products of anaerobic pathway

2 ATP

Lactic acid

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?

Aerobic is with oxygen and anaerobic is without

What is the end product of anaerobic metabolism?

Lactic acid

Does lactic acid production relate to your level of fitness?

Yes

What is muscle fatigue?

A decline in ability to generate force

When do we see muscle fatigue?

After strenous and prolonged muscle activity

What is oxygen debt?

When the body reaches anaerobic respiration

How is oxygen debt repaid?

Through deep, heavy breathing

What do you get rid of when you repay oxygen debt?

Lactic acid

Isotonic contrations

Muscle shortens and movement occurs

Example of isotonic contraction

Bending knee

Isometric contrations

Tension increases but muscle does NOT shorten

Example of isometric contraction

Pushing palms together in front of body

Example of aerobic (endurance) exercise

Biking and jogging

Resistance (isometric) exercise

Weight lifting

Origin

Attachment to immovable bone

Insertion

Attachment to movable bone

Flexion

Decreasing angle of joint (bring bones together)

Extension

Increasing angle between joints

Rotation

Movement of bone around its longitudinal axis

Abduction

Movement of limb away from the midline

Adduction

Movement of limb toward the midline

Circumduction

Distal end of bone moves in a circle

Dorsiflexation

Superior surface of foot approaches shin

Plantar flexion

Pointing toes away from the head

Inversion

Turning sole of foot medially

Eversion

Turning sole of foot laterally

Supination

Palms face anteriorally

Pronation

Palm faces posterially

Opposition

Moving thumb to touch tips of other fingers

Prime mover

Muscle with major responsibility for certain movement

Anatagonist

Muscle that opposes/reverses a prime mover

Synergist

Aids a prime mover or reduces undesirable movements

Fixator

Specialized synergists that hold a bone still or stabilize the origin for a prime mover

How are muscles named?

Direction of muscle fibers

Relative size of muscle

Location of muscle

Location of muscle

Number of origins

Location of origin and insertion

Shape of muscle

Action of the muscle

What type of muscle is associated with a figure 8 shape?

Cardiac

What type of muscle is associated with circular and longitudinal layers?

Smooth

Effects of ALS

Lose fuction in limbs

Effects of muscular dystrophy

Weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscle

Effects of Duchenne’s MD

Atrophy of muscles and death hy respiratory failure

Effects of myasthenia gravis

Droopy face

Muscular development in birth/infancy

Head, gross motor, fine motor

Muscular development in adolescene

Enough control for athletics and arts, increase in connective tissue

Muscular development in old age

Decrease in size, weight, and strength

zygomaticus

used to grin, raise the corners of the mouth

frontalis

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

orbicularis oculi

(ocu-EYE) closes, squints, winks, and blinks eyes

orbicularis oris

closes mouth, protrudes lips (kiss)

buccinator

flattens cheek, aids in chewing

masseter

closes jaw by elevating the mandible, allows biting

temporalis

closes jaw acting as a synergist of the masseter

occipitalis

back of the head

platysma

pulls corners of mouth downwards, frown

sternocleidomastoid

flexes neck and rotates head, turns head to opposite shoulder

pectoralis major

adduct and flex arm

intercostal muscles

raise rib cage when inhaling/ breathing

rectus abdominis

flex vertebral column, childbirth

external and internal oblique

flex vertebral column, rotates and bends trunk laterally

external oblique

form external and lateral walls of abdomen

transverse abdominis

compresses abdominal cavity

trapezius

extends head/neck, elevate, depress, adduct, and stabilize the scapula

latissimus dorsi

extends and adducts humerus/ shoulder, large muscle of lower back

erector spinae

extends back, controls bending at the waist

deltoid

prime mover for shoulder & arm abduction

biceps brachii and brachialis

flex arm and elbow

triceps brachii

extends arm and elbow

what makes up the the erector spinae

iliocostalis, spiralis, longissimus

what makes up the abdominal girdle

rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques

flex

anterior, front

extend

posterior, back

adduct

add, toward the midline

abduct

take away, away from midline