biology 10: exam review (chapters 1-11)

KSJDNKJSNDSKDL im done

organism

any living things

botany

the study of plants

biology

the study of living things

herbaceous

nonwoody (green) stems

taproot

one main root (stores food)

angiosperms

flowering seed plants (half of population of plants)

annual

lives for one growing season

perennial

lives for several growing seasons

nitrogen cycle

the movement of nitrogen from air, into the soil, and back into the air

grass family

considered the most important group of plants on earth

deciduous

when trees lose their leaves

crown

leaves of the tree

bracts

special leaf that looks like a flower petal

samara

fruit consisting of a small dry seed with one or more wing-like structures attached to it

system

a group of structures designed to function together as a unit to perform a particular job for an organism

organ

a structure within a system that has a definite form and performs a definite function or functions for the system

shoot system

the part of the plant that is usually found above ground, holding the leaves toward the sun for the manufacturing of food and providing for the production of flowers, fruits, and seeds

root system

part of a plant that is ordinarily underground, anchoring the plant, and that functions in absorption of nutrients and storage of food

buds

contain developing leaf or stem structures

opposite

when two leaves grow from each node

alternate

only one leaf grows from each node in an alternating pattern up the branch

whorled

when there are three or more leaves growing from each node

tissue

living material that is constructed in such a way as to perform a particular task for the organs of an organism

xylem

transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves

phloem

transports food manufactured in the leaves downward

parallel venation

leaf venation in which the veins are usually parallel to each other along the length of the leaf; monocots

palmate

leaf venation in which two or more major veins extend outward from one point

pinnate

leaf venation in which the veins are in a branching pattern characterized by a midrib with smaller veins extending out from it

cell

the basic structural unit of all living things

cell wall

found around the outside of the cell membrane

cellulose

a complex carbohydrate made up of long chains of glucose (a simple sugar) molecules

chlorophyll

the green pigment that gives plants their color and enables them to capture the energy of light

autotrophs (producers)

organisms, such as green plants, that can make their own food

heterotrophs (consumers)

organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms

photosynthesis

the process whereby a plant’s chloroplasts capture the radiant energy of light and convert it into the chemical energy of food

glucose

a simple sugar

produce seeds

fill in the blank

the primary function of flowers is to ________ ________ for reproduction

complete flower

has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils

• daylight

• night

two answer fill in the blank

the chief factor controlling flowering in most plants is the length of _________ and ______

pollination

the process by which pollen reaches the pistil

nectar

a sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants

fertilization

a sperm cell brought by a pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule

gametes

sperm cell and egg cell

radicle

will develop into the root system of the plant

plumule

a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant

dormancy

a period of inactivity

sexual reproduction

reproduction in which sperm and egg unite

primary growth

growth of a stem in length

xylem

wood; located toward the center of the stem

phloem

bark; located toward the outside of the stem

heartwood

inner portion of a woody stem, made of older xylem tubes that have become clogged and been sealed off

annual growth rings

distinct layer in the xylem of a woody stem formed by annual variation in the rate of secondary growth

rind

outer covering of a monocot stem

asexual reproduction

no union of sex cells

tropism

response in which an organism turns either toward or away from a stimulus

rhizomes

thick stems that grow horizontally under the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction

thorns

long, sharp special stem that provides protection to a plant

root cap

cone-shaped structure that covers and protects the tip of a plant root

osmosis

one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

sap stream

upward flow of water and minerals through the xylem

kind

group of similar organisms that are all descended from a single group of originally created organisms

kingdom

one of the main groups into which all organisms are divided in the linnaean system of classification

domain

any of the three larger groups into which kingdoms are placed

gymnosperms

plants that produce seeds but do not produce flowers

angiosperms

plants that reproduce by seeds formed in flowers

ginkgo

an oriental gymnosperm with two­-lobed, fan­ shaped leaves

cycad

resemble palm trees; grow today only in certain tropical and subtropical regions

conifers

the very familiar cone­-bearing gymnosperms

alternation of generations

the life cycle of a fern; involves both asexual (no union of sex cells) and sexual (union of sex cells) reproduction

rhizoids

tiny hair­ like threads; grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals

bryophytes

mosses and liverworts; literally means “moss­like plants”

algae

the smallest of the green, chlorophyll­-containing organisms

yellow algae

yellow-­green or golden-­brown in color; unicellular, but they often live in colonies or clusters; dynamite

kelp

the largest of the brown algae

saprophytes

obtain their nutrition from dead organisms

parasite

an organism that lives on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism

lichen

fungus and an alga live together in a close relationship that combines the two organisms into a single unit

system

a group of structures that function together as a unit to perform a definite job for the body

eleven

how many functional body systems are there?

vestigial

describes organs that allegedly serve no useful purpose today

skeletal system

body system that provides support and rigidity and serves as the framework of the body

hyoid

u-shaped bone hidden in the upper neck, just above your larynx

sinuses

hollow spaces certain bones in the skull

cartilage

 a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones

sternum

also called the breast-bone

humerus

largest bone of the arm

femur

largest bone in the body; composes the thigh; attaches to the pelvic girdle at the hip joint

tibia

shin bone; extends from the knee joint to the ankle

phalanges

correspond to those of the fingers and thumb

tendon

strong “cable” of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone

flat bones

ribs and cranial bones; often have the job of protecting vital organs

red marrow

special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems

ligament

tissue that joins bones to other bones

joints

places where bones join, or articulate

arthritis

inflammation of the joints

homeostasis

built-in maintenance of a stable internal environment

integumentary system

system of the body designed specifically for homeostasis

skin

organ that covers the outside of the body

epidermis

part of the skin that is exposed to the environment

melanin

the main pigment responsible for skin color