GRST midterm 2 (ch. 4-8)

the oldest and most prestigious Greek athletic competition took place in the festival of _____

the oldest and most prestigious Greek athletic competition took place in the festival of _____

Zeus

Zeus’s sanctuary was in ____ in the city-state of ____

Olympia, Elis

how often was the festival of Zeus

every 4 years

how long was the festival of Zeus going on

8th century BCE to at least the fourth century BCE

Olympia reminded Greeks of what made them

Greek

Olympics provided the Greeks with a shared

Olympic chronology

were there scandals, abuses, and exploitation at Olympia?

yes, organizers deterred it

do moderns believe Olympia history was pure, or that it had many flaws

pure, believed flaws were due to internal decline and corrupt from without

olympics returned to Greece in what year

2004

where did the olympics occur in 2004?

modern Athens

Greece was liberated by the Turks in what year

1833

were the ancient olympics ever held at Athens?

no

Pierre de Coubertin is also knows as

the father of the Modern Olympics

there were modern versions of the Olympic games in (4) before 1896

Greece, England, Europe, and North America

1833 greek Poet ____ called for the return of Olympic games in his Dialogues of the dead

Panagiotis Soutsos

Athens housed modern revivals of the games in 1859, 1870, 1875, 1889 financed by

Evangelos Zappas

who recognized compatible elements

Coubertin

ancient olympics differed from our modern version in

organization, competition, and ideology

what do the ancient and modern olympics share

name, few events, four year cycle, ideas of an oath and peaceful assembly, procession, and highly competitive athletics

ancient games had no

ball sports, water sports, weight classes, team sports, winter games, women’s events, medals, second/third places, rings symbol, torch relay, decathlon/marathon

athens and other greek states had relay races with torches, while _____ did not have torch or relay

Olympia

olympics marathon race was invented for the games of ____ in

1896 in Athens

inspiration of marathon race was a feat of long-distance running associated with the

Battle of Marathon against the Persians in 490

it was Browning’s expanded story that inspired the introduction of the ____ in 1896

modern marathon race

Greeks believed that ______ ______ had initiated the earliest Olympics long before 776 BCE

superhuman founders

myths and legends were comforting narrative ___

explanations

Pindar says ______ of Thebes, celebrating his conflict with King Augeas of Elis established games in Pisa

Herakles

games in Pisa formed by Herakles were to honour

Zeus

King ____ used divine assistance from Poseidon to win a chariot race against King ____ of Pisa and claimed his daughter Hippodaeia as his prize

Pelops, Oinomaos

Strabo says that at the time of the Trojan War there we ____ games with crown prizes, if there were they were not famous

no

Strabo credits the first olympic games won by ____ to ____ of Elis and _____ of Sparta

Koroibos, Iphitos, Lycurgus

Pausanias says Greece was suffering from ___ ___ and plague

internal strife

Oxylos and a contemporary of Lycurgus of Sparta, consulted ___ ____ and restored the olympic festival

Delphic Oracle

the traditions suggest 3 stages

1. very early version of games

2. time of discontinuity

3. refounding or reorganization of games

Olympics of 776 were said to be a revival of earlier games inspired by ____ _____

oracular advice

traditions reflect both the rivalry of ___ and ___ and the Greeks’ understanding of their early sport history

Elis and Pisa

_____ did not mention olympic games, placed athletic funeral game traditions in the distant past of the Trojan War era

Homer

later greeks believed that their games and nudity came from ___, and Dorian Sarta were mainland sources of ____ customs

Crete, sporting

myths of the labors of Theban Herakles tied him to the bull of ___ and had him clean the ____ Stables in Elis

Crete, Augean

Later _____ ideology contributed to the story of an early truce and desire for unity

Panhellenic

existence of an ___ court at olympia after the persian wars may have been fostered by traditional association of Olympia with ___ and ____

arbitration, peace and harmony

as greeks continued to war with each other an ideal of ___ cooperation and peace arose

Panhellenic

a descendant of Oxylos named ___ of Elis and his cofounders renewed the games

Iphitos

it is likely that sport arose _____ in pre-greek cultures

independently

olympic victor list, by Hippias of Elis in late 5th BCE, Aristotle, etc had been challenged. Especially for the ___ and ___ centuries

8th and 7th

P. Christesen argues that Hippias of Elis casually gathered names from ____ _____ and poetry, not from reliable archival lists

oral traditions

____ had no solid basis for dating the first Olympiads in 776 BCE

Hippias

____ later attached sequential numbers to the Olympiads and ____ began the numbering of years within Olympiads

Aristotle, Eratosthenes

___th century olympic games were localized and less noteworthy than funeral games

8th

Homer did not mention olympic games because

they were at best minor contests, in a cultic festical with symbolic cult prizes(crowns)

____ olympic games neither arose out of nor replaced tradition of chrematitic funeral games

Stephanitic

___ arose as a supplement to cultic gatherings

footraces

Later, aspects of funeral, hero cult, and suitor game traditions became attached to

Olympia

site of olympia was first discovered in

1766

___ games were not an original part of the earliest festivals at olympia, instead emerged gradually

major

Mallwitz and Kyrieleis reject continuity from Mycenaean time in the form of a venerable shrine to the hero

Pelops

mid 3rd millennium tumulus, was there anything found inside?

no

there was regional cult activity from the late __th century on

11

cult of Zeus was established in association with the early ____, which was later seen as the tomb of Pelops

tumulus

Mallwitz concluded that the earliest games traditionally dated from 776, major games did not emerge until ___, when the addition of ___ events allowed

700or680, equestrian

Olympia emerged as a regular meeting place for Greeks from ___ and _____

Italy and Sicily

____ expanded the area, built first stadium, levelled the area of the later Pelopeion

Elis

after Elis expanded, ____ races soon followed and olympia drew more competitors and spectators

chariot

greeks thought olympic games were connected with

glorious past when gods and heroes walked the earth

Elis and Pisa contested for legitimate control of the

sanctuary

by the classical age of Pindar, Olympia housed grand games, numerous legends seemed credible, many were depicted at olympia—> give an example

sculpture of the temple of zeus

rise of major athletic festival at olympia dated to

late 8th century

olympias history as a centre of sport began in the ____ and not the bronze or dark age

archaic

aristocrats participated because

they wanted the prestige

athletic performances turned olympia into a spectacular ___ centre

Panhellenic

olympic games became the model for other ____ crown games and state games

Panhellenic

olympia was a religious sanctuary on the ____ River in the NW Peloponnese (near city of Elis)

Alpheios

centre of the site was the ___ aka sacred precinct of Zeus

Altis

cultic arrangements included _____ altars, great ash altar of zeus, shrines, and dedications among the trees

open-air

Temple of Hera was within the ___

Atlis

Atlis also housed an _____ of Zeus, highly respected for their military advice

oracle

games were a supplement to the festival of ___

Zeus

was religion at the centre of the games, and sport expanded around it or vice versa?

religion was at the centre, sport expanded around it

after the construction of the archaic Temple of ___ treasuries, small temples, and storehouses were built

Hera

Temple of Zeus (largest Doric temple) was designed by Libon of Elis, with sculptural scenes from myths of ___, ____, and ___ housed the statue of Zeus

Pelops, Herakles, and Theseus

plan of Altis was set by

4th century BCE

all contests took place in the stadium except

equestrian events

Beyond the Altis was a ___ track with grassy embankments for spectators

running

why weren’t there places for the spectators to sit to watch the running (instead in grassy embankments)

area was domain of Demeter Chamyne, goddess of agriculture

how many lanes were there for runners

20

the construction of the ___ of ___ in the mid 4th BCE closed off the sanctuary from the stadium

Stoa of Echoes

Vaulted ceremonial entrance tunnel called the ____

Krypte

changing room in greek

Apodyterion

what was the racecourse for horses and chariots called

Hippodrome

what is the “horse-terrifier”

shrine of Taraxippos, placed at first turn post in Hippodrome

____ of Athens designed an elaborate set of starting gates for 20+ chariots

Kleoitas. starting gates in greek is aphesis

figures of an ____ and a ____ signalled the start of the race

eagle, dolphin

are there any traces of the hippodrome left?

no

festival was every 4 years, in the late ____, grew from 1 day to _ days

summer, 5

why was the festival in the late summer

timing corresponded with a lull in agricultural work after harvest

supervisory officials(refs) were originally called ____

diaitateres

from 580 there were two game organizers(refs) called

agonothetai

by 480CE organizers(refs) called

Hellanodikai

from 348BCE on there were ___ refs/organizers

10

Elean refs/officials in greek

nomothetai