Health Education Study Guide

How does WHO define health?

Not just the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

What is the difference between chronic and infectious diseases?

Chronic diseases develop over time and last long (e.g., diabetes, cancer); infectious diseases are transmitted through contact (e.g., HIV, TB)

Why emphasize prevention in public health?

Prevention is cost-effective and reduces disease burden; many diseases can be prevented by addressing risk factors (e.g., obesity)

What are the three levels of prevention?

Primary (before disease), Secondary (early detection), Tertiary (reduce impact after diagnosis).

What are the three categories of health behaviors?

Preventive (to stay healthy), Illness (when feeling sick), Sick-role (after diagnosis).

What does the "new" public health emphasize?

The role of environmental, social, and policy factors in shaping health behaviors.

What are the three dimensions of health behavior?

Complexity (how hard), Frequency (how often), Volitionality (how much personal control).

What is an ecological approach in health behavior theory?

Considering multiple levels of influence, from individual to societal.

What are proximal and distal influences?

Proximal = close to the individual; Distal = broader, less immediate factors.

What is the inductive approach in program planning?

1. Make a hypothesis about behavior and causes

2. Use theory to guide thinking

3. Check evidence/research to support or refine

What is a hypothesized mediator?

A factor (from theory) targeted by intervention to influence health behavior

What is the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model (PPM)?

A planning framework (not a theory) for designing and evaluating health programs, using an ecological approach.

What does PRECEDE stand for?

Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/Environmental Diagnosis and Evaluation (Phases 1-4).

What does PROCEED stand for?

Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development (Phases 5-8).

What happens in Phase 1 (Social Assessment)?

Work with the community to assess quality of life issues.

What are predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors?

(c) Predisposing: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs; Reinforcing: Rewards and feedback; Enabling: Skills/resources

What is the difference between process, impact, and outcome evaluation?

(c) Process: Was the program implemented as intended?; Impact: Did intermediate targets change?; Outcome: Did long-term health outcomes change?

What is the main idea of value-expectancy theories?

People choose behaviors where they expect benefits to outweigh costs, considering perceptions and timing of benefits.

What are the two main constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)?

Attitude toward the behavior and subjective norms (social influences).

What is a subjective norm?

Perception of what important others think about the behavior and motivation to comply.

Which of the following are components of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) Model?

(D) All of the above

What is self-efficacy?

Confidence in one's ability to perform a specific behavior.

What is an ecological approach?

Targets multiple influences on health (physical, social, economic, legal environments).

Name the four categories in the Structural Model of Behavior:

1. Availability/Accessibility

2. Physical Structures

3. Social Structures

4. Media Effects

What is the difference between micro- and macro-environments?

(b) Micro = immediate influences (family, peers); Macro = broader factors (policies, regulations)

What is a structural intervention?

Changing the environment (physical, legal, economic, regulatory) to support healthy behaviors.

What are meta-contingencies (Behavioral Ecological Model)?

Social reinforcements that influence the likelihood of behaviors at a societal level.