PSYC 4450 - FINAL EXAM:)

What is the keyword for this exam?

district champs

What are the Cluster A personality disorders?

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

What are the Cluster B personality disorders?

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

What are the Cluster C personality disorders?

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

patients think that tx is not necessary and they are fine

\-personality disorders feel consistent with one’s identity

ego-syntonic

In this model, individuals are rated on the degree to which they exhibit various personality traits

dimensional model

Which adjectives describe cluster A?

odd or eccentric

What adjectives describe cluster B?

dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster

What adjectives describe cluster C?

fearful or anxious

Personality disorders tend to run a what kind of course?

chronic

this disorder is characterized by pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion

paranoid personality disorder

Therapy treatment of paranoid personality disorders focuses on the development of what?

trust

this disorder is characterized by a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships

\-have a very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations

schizoid personality disorder

Therapy treatments for schizoid personality disorder aims to focus on what?

building empathy, social skills, and the value of interpersonal relationships

this disorder is characterized by unusual and odd dress and behavior

\-magical thinking

\-socially isolated and highly suspicious

schizotypal personality disorder

30-50% of people with schizotypal personality disorder also meet criteria for what disorder?

major depressive disorder

This disorder is characterized by failure to comply with social norms

\-violation of the rights of others

\-irresponsible, impulsive and deceitful

\-lack of conscience

antisocial personality disorder

A child who is described as having early behavioral problems and conduct disorder and being callous-emotional has a chance of developing what kind of disorder later on?

antisocial personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by having unstable moods and relationships, impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image, and self mutilation and suicidal gestures

borderline personality disorder

The main fear of someone with borderline personality disorder is what?

being abandoned

The main type of trauma someone with borderline personality disorder may have suffered

sexual abuse

The triple-vulnerability model has what three components?

generalized biological vulnerability, generalized psychological vulnerability, and specific psychological vulnerability

What kind of therapy is the most successful in treating someone with borderline personality disorder?

dialectical behavior therapy

This disorder is characterized by being overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative, needs to be center of attention, and thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow

histrionic personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by an exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance, preoccupation with receiving attention, a lack of sensitivity and compassion for other people, and being highly sensitive to criticism

narcissistic personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by an extreme sensitivity to the opinion of others, highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships, low self-esteem, and fearful of rejection

avoidant personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by a reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions, unreasonable fear of abandonment, and clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships

dependent personality disorder

This disorder is characterized by an excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way, highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow, and obsessions and compulsions are rare

obsessive-compulsive disorder

These types of disorders are long-standing patterns of behavior that begin in early development and run a chronic course

personality disorder

This type of model assumes each personality disorder is a separate and distinct category, i.e., separate from other personality disorders and distinct from “normal” personalities

Categorical model

This type of model views various personality features along several continuous dimensions

dimensional

gross departure from reality

psychosis

sensory experiences in the absence of sensory input (e.g. hearing voices)

hallucinations

strong, inaccurate beliefs that persist in the face of evidence to the contrary

delusions

a pervasive type of psychosis characterized by disturbed thought, emotion, and behavior

schizophrenia

used the term dementia praecox to describe schizophrenic syndrome

\-gave distinction as an actual disorder

Kraepelin

introduced the term schizophrenia

\-coined the term schizophrenia

Blueler

2 or more symptoms of schizophrenia must be present in an individual for how long?

1 month

Schizophrenic symptoms must be present for at least how long?

6 months

This describes an exaggeration or additional symptom

\-also described as active manifestations of abnormal behavior

“positive” symptom

This type of delusion is very strange and completely implausible

bizarre delusions

A type of delusion that, though false, is at least possible

non-bizarre delusions

any delusion with content consistent with either a depressive or manic state

mood-congruent delusions

any delusion whose content is not consistent with either a depressed or manic state or is mood-neutral

mood-incongruent delusion

What is the most common form of hallucinations?

auditory

What are the different types of hallucinations?

auditory, visual, olfactory, tactile, gustatory

What is the part of the brain that is most active during auditory hallucinations?

Broca’s area

this describes the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior

“negative” symptoms

lack of initiation or persistence

avolition

relative absence of speech

alogia

lack of pleasure, or indifference

anhedonia

little expressed emotion (not expressing emotion)

affective flattening

What are the three symptom clusters of schizophrenia?

positive, negative, and disorganized

Disorganized symptoms in schizophrenia can also be referred to as what?

derailment

illogical and incoherent speech

cognitive slippage

this symptom of schizophrenia can be defined as “going off on a tangent”

tangentiality

symptom characterized by conversations that go in unrelated directions

loose associations

talking in rhyme

clanging

creating words

neologia

mimic speech

echolalia

mimics movement

echopraxia

a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw

tardive dyskinesia

a relatively rare symptom typically seen in catatonia where a person's limbs respond like a warm candlestick being moved and positioned

waxy flexibility

statue like posture without moving

\-may be considered a psychotic spectrum disorder or can occur as symptom of schizophrenia

catatonia

this disorder is characterized as having psychotic symptoms that last less than one month

brief psychotic disorder

this disorder is characterized as having psychotic symptoms lasting between one and six months

schizophreniform disorder

In brief psychotic disorder, one of the symptoms present must be which three?

delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech

This disorder is characterized by having symptoms of schizophrenia and additional experiences of a major mood episode (either depressive or manic)

schizoaffective disorder

This disorder is characterized by delusions that are contrary to reality and that lacks other positive or negative symptoms

\-disorder is just focused on delusions

delusional disorder

What are the five different types of delusions?

erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic

With delusional disorder, the presence of one or more types of delusions has to be for how long?

one month or longer

delusion that another person is in love with an individual

erotomanic type

delusion of having some great (but unrecognized) talent or insight or having made some important discovery

grandiose type

delusion that the individual’s spouse or lover is unfaithful

jealous type

delusions that the individual is being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals

persecutory type

delusions that involve bodily functions or sensations

somatic type

no delusional theme predominates

mixed type

Schizophrenia often develops when?

early adulthood

this type of hypothesis states that schizophrenia is partially caused by overactive dopamine

dopamine hypothesis

this unsupported theory of schizophrenia is described as being caused by a cold, uncommunicative mother that isn’t very nurturing

schizophrenogenic mother

this unsupported theory of schizophrenia is described as a dilemma in communication in which an individual (or group) receives two or more reciprocally conflicting messages

double bind communication

these types of disorders are diagnosed first in infancy, childhood, or adolescence

neurodevelopmental disorders

What are the three subtypes of ADHD?

inattentiveness, combined, and hyperactivity/impulsivity

ADHD must demonstrate this many symptoms that last for this long.

6 symptoms; 6 months

What is the ratio in ADHD that shows how much boys outnumber girls?

3:1

Biological contributions of ADHD show that it runs…

in families

In ADHD, low doses of stimulants improve what?

focusing abilities

This disorder is described as having academic problems in reading, mathematics, and/or writing

\-performance substantially below expected levels based on age and/or demonstrated capacity

specific learning disorders

Difficulty in learning and using academic skills in a specific learning disorder have to persist for how long?

6 months

Learning disorders tend to run in families

Specific disabilities are not inherited

This type of disorder requires intense educational interventions

specific learning disorders

This disorder is characterized by having problems occurring in language, socialization, and cognition

\-often pervasive

autism spectrum disorder

The two main areas of impairment in autism spectrum disorder

communication and social interaction

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder need to maintain

routine

When is autism spectrum disorder normally recognized in children?

2 or 3 years old

Autism spectrum disorder is more often diagnosed in

males

Historical views of autism include:

failed parenting, lack of self-awareness, and behavioral correlates

If one child has autism, there is a good chance that having a second child with autism will be 20%

autism has a significant genetic component

Early intervention in autism

may “normalize” the functioning of the developing brain

Biological treatments of autism

mostly used to treat associative symptoms of autism, such as anxiety, and not autism itself