psych: emotions and motivation

motivation

the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

intrinsic motivation

motivation from internal factors

extrinsic motivation

motivation from external factors

over justification effect

giving someone extrinsic reward for something they previously intrinsically enjoyed decreases how much they enjoy said activity

tangible rewards

decreases intrinsic motivation

intangible rewards

increase intrinsic motivation

instincts

a species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned.

drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.

habit

a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

Yerkes-Dodson law

a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower.

Self Efficacy

is an individual’s belief in their own capability to complete a task

Domains of motives

interpersonal affection, ambition, power

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social. These needs are often depicted as a pyramid

leptin

satiation hormone

metabolic rate

the amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time,

set-point theory

each individual has an ideal body weight which is resistant to change.

Alfred Kinsey

First true American sexologist

sexual orientation

an individual’s emotional, romantic, and erotic attractions to other people or no people

sexual response cycle

the 4 stages (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution) that happen during arousal

The excitement phase

the arousal phase of the sexual response cycle, and it is marked by erection of the penis or clitoris and lubrication and expansion of the vaginal canal.

The plateau phase

the vagina swells further and blood flow to the labia minora increases, and the penis becomes fully erect and may exhibit pre-ejaculatory fluid.

The orgasm phase

rhythmic contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with increased muscle tension. In males, pelvic contractions are accompanied by a buildup of seminal fluid near the urethra that is ultimately forced out by contractions of genital muscles

The resolution phase

the relatively rapid return to an unaroused state accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure and muscular relaxation

The refractory period

period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.

gender identity

one’s sense of being male, female, neither of these, both of these, or another gender.

gender dysphoria

individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are.

emotions

subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings.

emotional expression

the way one displays an emotion and includes nonverbal and verbal behaviors

Mood

a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

compotents of emot

arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences.

James Lange theory

emotions arise from physiological arousal.

Cannon Bard theory

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive. In other words, physiological arousal is interpreted in context to produce the emotional experience.

polygraph

measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions.

cognitive-mediational theory

asserts our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

hypothalamus

plays a role in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system that is a part of any given emotional reaction.

The basolateral complex

has dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain. It is critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning processes and memory.

central nucleus

plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems’ activity

hippocampus

linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders.

cultural display rule

one of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

body language

the expression of emotion in terms of body position or movement.