Nationalism
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→ The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture.
Crimean War:
- War between the Ottomans and Russia, for a warm water port.
- The Ottomans won only because they got help from France and England.
  * They helped because if Russia won it would offset the balance of power in Europe. - This all proved that keeping the balance of power would be difficult task.
- Russification- Forcing people to give into Russian culture
- Nationalism would also be the cause for some countries uniting like Italy and Prussia (Germany).
Unification of Italy:
- Some Italian provinces were ruled by Austria
- Giuseppe Mazzini- “The Soul”
  * Formed the “Young Italy”. He called for the end of foreign rule [In Italy] and the unification of Italy. Italy should be its own nation. - Camillo di Cavour- “The Brain“
  * Prime Minister of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinia's power. Will unify the North. - Garibaldi- “The Sword“
  * Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group in Sicily). Will Unify the South and merge with the North. - Italy was finally united in 1861
Unification of Germany:
- Germany started out as Prussia
  * Germans were people who spoke German. These people felt connected, and most wanted their own nation (Nationalism). - They were ruled by a king. During this time it was Wilhelm I. He was supported by the Junkers.
  * Junkers- Wealthy class. - King Wilhelm I appointed a prime minister to rule over Prussia.
- Prime Minister: Otto Von Bismarck.
  * He was quite popular, and helped out the king to make a bigger military
  * He made realpolitik.
    * Realpolitik- Politics then leaves no room for idealism.
  * Was known as “The Iron Chancellor” for his powerful rule.
  * “Blood and Iron”- Bismarck’s idea that to accomplish their goals they have to use war. - The 7 week war:
  * Prussia(Germany) Vs Austria
  * Prussia and Austria disagree over borders of the new land which they both conquered.
  * This pushes Austria to declare war on Prussia
  * Prussia easily wins, taking over the land which they fought for, and more from Austria. - The Franco-Prussian War:
  * Prussia(Germany) Vs. France
  * A few German states were still independent
    * These were very close to France
  * Bismark makes a fake telegraph making fun of the French.
  * This pushes France to declare war on Prussia.
  * The German states feel scared so the Prussians come to “help them”
  * Prussia beats France, and keeps their armies the German states, essentially taking them over.
    * Prussia also takes the area of Alsace Lorraine from France.
  * All of this makes France really made at Prussia, so Europe starts to divide into two sides.
  * Also Prussia undid the balance of power in Europe by uniting into Germany.