Nationalism

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→ The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture.

Crimean War:

• War between the Ottomans and Russia, for a warm water port.
• The Ottomans won only because they got help from France and England.
  • They helped because if Russia won it would offset the balance of power in Europe.
• This all proved that keeping the balance of power would be difficult task.
• Russification- Forcing people to give into Russian culture
• Nationalism would also be the cause for some countries uniting like Italy and Prussia (Germany).

Unification of Italy:

• Some Italian provinces were ruled by Austria
• Giuseppe Mazzini- “The Soul”
  • Formed the “Young Italy”.  He called for the end of foreign rule [In Italy] and the unification of Italy.  Italy should be its own nation.
• Camillo di Cavour- “The Brain“
  • Prime Minister of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.  Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinia's power. Will unify the North.
• Garibaldi- “The Sword“
  • Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group in Sicily).  Will Unify the South and merge with the North.
• Italy was finally united in 1861

Unification of Germany:

• Germany started out as Prussia

  • Germans were people who spoke German. These people felt connected, and most wanted their own nation (Nationalism).

• They were ruled by a king. During this time it was Wilhelm I. He was supported by the Junkers.

  • Junkers- Wealthy class.

• King Wilhelm I appointed a prime minister to rule over Prussia.

• Prime Minister: Otto Von Bismarck.

  • He was quite popular, and helped out the king to make a bigger military
  • He made realpolitik.
  • Realpolitik- Politics then leaves no room for idealism.
  • Was known as “The Iron Chancellor” for his powerful rule.
  • “Blood and Iron”- Bismarck’s idea that to accomplish their goals they have to use war.

• The 7 week war:

  • Prussia(Germany) Vs Austria
  • Prussia and Austria disagree over borders of the new land which they both conquered.
  • This pushes Austria to declare war on Prussia
  • Prussia easily wins, taking over the land which they fought for, and more from Austria.

• The Franco-Prussian War:

  • Prussia(Germany) Vs. France
  • A few German states were still independent
  • These were very close to France
  • Bismark makes a fake telegraph making fun of the French.
  • This pushes France to declare war on Prussia.
  • The German states feel scared so the Prussians come to “help them”
  • Prussia beats France, and keeps their armies the German states, essentially taking them over.
  • Prussia also takes the area of Alsace Lorraine from France.
  • All of this makes France really made at Prussia, so Europe starts to divide into two sides.
  • Also Prussia undid the balance of power in Europe by uniting into Germany.

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Nest Lesson: World War 1

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