Nationalism

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→ The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture.

Crimean War:

  • War between the Ottomans and Russia, for a warm water port.
  • The Ottomans won only because they got help from France and England.   * They helped because if Russia won it would offset the balance of power in Europe.
  • This all proved that keeping the balance of power would be difficult task.
  • Russification- Forcing people to give into Russian culture
  • Nationalism would also be the cause for some countries uniting like Italy and Prussia (Germany).

Unification of Italy:

  • Some Italian provinces were ruled by Austria
  • Giuseppe Mazzini- “The Soul”   * Formed the “Young Italy”.  He called for the end of foreign rule [In Italy] and the unification of Italy.  Italy should be its own nation.
  • Camillo di Cavour- “The Brain“   * Prime Minister of Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.  Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinia's power. Will unify the North.
  • Garibaldi- “The Sword“   * Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group in Sicily).  Will Unify the South and merge with the North.
  • Italy was finally united in 1861

Unification of Germany:

  • Germany started out as Prussia   * Germans were people who spoke German. These people felt connected, and most wanted their own nation (Nationalism).
  • They were ruled by a king. During this time it was Wilhelm I. He was supported by the Junkers.   * Junkers- Wealthy class.
  • King Wilhelm I appointed a prime minister to rule over Prussia.
  • Prime Minister: Otto Von Bismarck.   * He was quite popular, and helped out the king to make a bigger military   * He made realpolitik.     * Realpolitik- Politics then leaves no room for idealism.   * Was known as “The Iron Chancellor” for his powerful rule.   * “Blood and Iron”- Bismarck’s idea that to accomplish their goals they have to use war.
  • The 7 week war:   * Prussia(Germany) Vs Austria   * Prussia and Austria disagree over borders of the new land which they both conquered.   * This pushes Austria to declare war on Prussia   * Prussia easily wins, taking over the land which they fought for, and more from Austria.
  • The Franco-Prussian War:   * Prussia(Germany) Vs. France   * A few German states were still independent     * These were very close to France   * Bismark makes a fake telegraph making fun of the French.   * This pushes France to declare war on Prussia.   * The German states feel scared so the Prussians come to “help them”   * Prussia beats France, and keeps their armies the German states, essentially taking them over.     * Prussia also takes the area of Alsace Lorraine from France.   * All of this makes France really made at Prussia, so Europe starts to divide into two sides.   * Also Prussia undid the balance of power in Europe by uniting into Germany.

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Nest Lesson: World War 1

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