Microbio CH1: An Invisible World

What did the Romans think were getting people sick?

They came to the conclusion that people that are surrounded by waste are getting sick.

How did the Romans deal with waste?

They got rid of the waste by putting it in the river, creating a sewer system, which screwed people downstream.

What is the Miasma theory?

A theory that bad air caused illness.

What is Hippocrates known for?

Father of Western medicine

What did Hippocrates believe?

He believed diseases were not caused by the supernatural.

What did Hippocrates create?

The Hippocratic Corpus & Oath aka "Do no harm as a medical professional"

What is Thucydides known for?

Father of Scientific History

What did Thucydides realize?

Early concept of Immunity; He realized that people who had been infected by the Athenian plague had immunity to reinfection.

What did Marcus Terentius Varro believe?

He proposed that things we cannot see could cause disease.

Who warned people to not go into still water or swamps?

Marcus Terentius Varro

What is animalia minuta?

They are small creatures that will swim inside your nose and make you sick.

Who invented the microscope?

It is unknown.

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?

He used a magnifying lens to observe "animalcules" in a rain drop.

What is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek known for?

Father of Microbiology

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Realized fermentation and spoilage is caused by microbes, disproved spontaneous generation, & helped develop vaccines.

What did Robert Koch do?

He established a method for connecting pathogens with specific disease.

What did Carolus Linnaeus do?

He wanted to categorize the whole world into a file of genetic tree likeness. He developed a way to categorize Plants & Animals.

What did Ernst Haeckel do?

Proposed 4 kingdoms such as Animals, Plants, Protist, & Monera.

What did Robert Whittaker do?

He added Fungi as a fifth kingdom to the tree of life.

What did Woese & Fox discover?

Small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.

What did Woese & Fox generate?

3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya

How do we classify microbes?

Taxonomy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Strain

What are Strains?

They can vary widely and be vastly different. They can multiple different genes, different metabolism, & living environments. Or it can just be one gene that makes the strain different.

What does Binomial Nomenclature mean?

Two word system that names organisms based on genus and species.
They have Latin or Greek roots.
Written out in italics.
Genus is capitalized; species is lower case

Examples of binomial nomenclature

Homo sapiens --\> H. sapiens
Escherichia coli --\> E. coli

What are characteristics of microbes?

Colony structure
Habitat
Metabolism
Unicellular vs. multicellular
Cellular vs. acellular

Cellular Microbes include

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes include

Bacteria & Archaea

Eukaryotes include

Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, & Helminths

Acellular Microbes include

Viruses & Prions

What are bacteria common shapes

Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Coccobacillus, Spirillum, & Spirochete

Coccus

Round shaped bacteria

Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

Vibrio

Curved rod shaped bacteria

Coccobacillus

Short round rod shaped bacteria

Spirillum

Spiral shaped bacteria

Spirochete

More defined spiral shaped bacteria

What do Archaea have?

Different evolutionary history, genetics, metabolism, physiology, & bacteria.

Where do Archaea live?

Extreme environments; hot.

What can Protist be broken down to?

Algae & Protozoa

What are Protist?

Unicellular eukaryotes (not plants, animals, or fungi).

Protozoa are...

Animal like protist & not usually photosynthetic. Very diverse motility via cilia, flagella, & pseudopod.

Algae are...

Plant like protists, photosynthetic. Important in ecosystems & consumer products.

What are Fungi?

Multicellular & unicellular (yeast). They have chitin cell walls. Molds are both good & bad.

What are Helminths?

Multicellular parasitic worms. They have microscopic eggs & larvae.

What are Viruses?

Proteins with nucleic acids. They need a host to reproduce and they are acellular.

What are Prions?

Proteinaceous diseases causing agent (Just a protein and acellular). There's no cure so if you get it, you die.