What did the Romans think were getting people sick?
They came to the conclusion that people that are surrounded by waste are getting sick.
How did the Romans deal with waste?
They got rid of the waste by putting it in the river, creating a sewer system, which screwed people downstream.
What is the Miasma theory?
A theory that bad air caused illness.
What is Hippocrates known for?
Father of Western medicine
What did Hippocrates believe?
He believed diseases were not caused by the supernatural.
What did Hippocrates create?
The Hippocratic Corpus & Oath aka "Do no harm as a medical professional"
What is Thucydides known for?
Father of Scientific History
What did Thucydides realize?
Early concept of Immunity; He realized that people who had been infected by the Athenian plague had immunity to reinfection.
What did Marcus Terentius Varro believe?
He proposed that things we cannot see could cause disease.
Who warned people to not go into still water or swamps?
Marcus Terentius Varro
What is animalia minuta?
They are small creatures that will swim inside your nose and make you sick.
Who invented the microscope?
It is unknown.
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?
He used a magnifying lens to observe "animalcules" in a rain drop.
What is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek known for?
Father of Microbiology
What did Louis Pasteur do?
Realized fermentation and spoilage is caused by microbes, disproved spontaneous generation, & helped develop vaccines.
What did Robert Koch do?
He established a method for connecting pathogens with specific disease.
What did Carolus Linnaeus do?
He wanted to categorize the whole world into a file of genetic tree likeness. He developed a way to categorize Plants & Animals.
What did Ernst Haeckel do?
Proposed 4 kingdoms such as Animals, Plants, Protist, & Monera.
What did Robert Whittaker do?
He added Fungi as a fifth kingdom to the tree of life.
What did Woese & Fox discover?
Small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.
What did Woese & Fox generate?
3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, & Eukarya
How do we classify microbes?
Taxonomy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Strain
What are Strains?
They can vary widely and be vastly different. They can multiple different genes, different metabolism, & living environments. Or it can just be one gene that makes the strain different.
What does Binomial Nomenclature mean?
Two word system that names organisms based on genus and species. They have Latin or Greek roots. Written out in italics. Genus is capitalized; species is lower case
Examples of binomial nomenclature
Homo sapiens --> H. sapiens Escherichia coli --> E. coli
What are characteristics of microbes?
Colony structure Habitat Metabolism Unicellular vs. multicellular Cellular vs. acellular
Cellular Microbes include
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes include
Bacteria & Archaea
Eukaryotes include
Algae, Fungi, Protozoa, & Helminths
Acellular Microbes include
Viruses & Prions
What are bacteria common shapes
Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Coccobacillus, Spirillum, & Spirochete
Coccus
Round shaped bacteria
Bacillus
Rod shaped bacteria
Vibrio
Curved rod shaped bacteria
Coccobacillus
Short round rod shaped bacteria
Spirillum
Spiral shaped bacteria
Spirochete
More defined spiral shaped bacteria
What do Archaea have?
Different evolutionary history, genetics, metabolism, physiology, & bacteria.
Where do Archaea live?
Extreme environments; hot.
What can Protist be broken down to?
Algae & Protozoa
What are Protist?
Unicellular eukaryotes (not plants, animals, or fungi).
Protozoa are...
Animal like protist & not usually photosynthetic. Very diverse motility via cilia, flagella, & pseudopod.
Algae are...
Plant like protists, photosynthetic. Important in ecosystems & consumer products.
What are Fungi?
Multicellular & unicellular (yeast). They have chitin cell walls. Molds are both good & bad.
What are Helminths?
Multicellular parasitic worms. They have microscopic eggs & larvae.
What are Viruses?
Proteins with nucleic acids. They need a host to reproduce and they are acellular.
What are Prions?
Proteinaceous diseases causing agent (Just a protein and acellular). There's no cure so if you get it, you die.