Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Nucleic Acids
made from monomers called nucleotides
what are the 2 major types of nucleic acids?
RNA
DNA
What 5 nucleotides make up the 2 major types of nucleic acids?
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Urical
What does the structure of a nucleotide?
Base: nitrogen containing cyclic/heterocyclic base
Sugar: Ribose, 5 carbon carbohydrate
Phosphoryl groups: 1,23, or 3
What are the 2 different types of bases
Purine bases: double ring (A and G)
Pyrimidine bases: single ring (C,T, and U)
What are the 2 different forms that that ribose can be?
Ribose in RNA (with the OH- group at carbon 2)
Deoxyribose in DNA (no OH-group at carbon 2)
What is the difference between a nucleotide and a mucleside?
They both have a base and a ribose, but the nucleosides don’t have the phosphoryl group.
What is the structure of a Nucleic Acid?
formed by covalent bonds between the sugar (3’ OH- group and the 5’-phosphoryl group) (phosphoester bond)
What are some features of DNA?
Double stranded - 2 polymers of nucleotides
complementary strands: same base pairing in interactions
DNA needs to form a right-handed double helix
G and C // A and T bond together how?
through specific hydrogen bonding interactions
What is anti-parallel configuration?
double strand reach needs to orient in opposite direction
RNA features compared to DNA
Same covalent bonds forming to make the polymer
RNA is single-stranded
Thymine is replaced with Uracil
Ribose have 2’ hydroxyl
What are the three classes of RNA molecules
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
Ribosome RNA
What are chromosomes?
pieces of DNA that contain genetic instructions of an organism
What is a genome?
collection of all genes of a specific organism
What is Prokaryotic Chromosomes?
single chromosome, circular DNA molecule
Features of prokaryotic chromosomes?
-double stranded
-antiparallel
-complementary
-helical structure
-supercoiling: helix is coiled to itself
-protein core: nucleoid
What is Eukaryotic Chromosomes?
-number and size of the chromosome are highly variable between different organisms.
-located in the nucleus of each cell structure → made from chromatin = DNA + protein
What are histones?
protein that the DNA double helix “wraps” around
-octamer of histones (8 proteins)
What are nucleosomes?
DNA strand that is wrapped around the histone octamer.
What is the central dogma of biochemistry?
DNA --→ mRNA --→ protein
<--- DNA
what enzyme truns DNA to mRNA?
transcription: RNA polymerase
what enzyme turns mRNA into protein?
translated: ribosome
What enzyme can turn DNA into more DNA?
replication: DNA polymerase
What is DNA replication?
for DNA to be replicated before a cell divides, each new daughter call needs to inherit a copy of each gene.
What is the mechanism of replication?
semiconservative
-each gene has 2 DNA strands; 1 strand is the parental DNA while also synthesizing new strands from each parental strands
2 main features of the replication process?
-replication origin
-replication fork
replication origin
unique nucleotide sequence on the chromosome that signals where replication should begin.
replication fork
where DNA replication is occuring
-2 forks moving in opposite directions that replicate about 500 nucleotides per second
Important proteins and enzymes in DNA replication?
separate the 2 parental (original strands of DNA
-helicase
-topoisomerase
-single-stranded binding proteins
-primase
Synthesize the new daughter strands of DNA
-Main enzyme: DNA polymerase III
Helicase
enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs
topoisomerase
gets rid of supercoiling
single-stranded binding proteins
bind to separate single-stranded DNA to keep 2 strands apart
primase
enzyme that synthesizes a “primer” (piece of RNA where new DNA sequence being replication)
DNA polymerase III
synthesize new DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing formation of new phosphoester bond between a 3’ hydroxyl group and incoming nucleotides 5’ phosphoryl group
What are the 2 types of parental strands.
Leading strand: replicated continuously.
Lagging strand: replicated discontinuously.
Leading strand?
single RNA primer at replication origin, only utilizes DNA polymer III, continuously catalyze addition of nucleotides
Lagging strand?
multiple RNA primers throughout the DNA sequence , 2 DNA polymerases utilized → DNA pol III ( catalyze addition of nucleotides) and DNA pol II (nudrases activity: remove RNA primers)
DNA polymerase II
polymerase activity (fills gaps with appropriate DNA nucleotide)
DNA ligase
enzyme that ligates (or seals) together covalently bond “fragments: of DNA on the lagging strand.
What is the process of transcription
catalyzed by enzyme RNA polymerase and produce mRNA by a copy of 1 DNA strand (turns DNA into mRNA)
5’-ATGCGATAG-3’ convert to antisense
3’-TACGCTATC-5’
3’-TACGCTATC-5’ convert to mRNA
5’-AUGCGAUAG-3’
What are the 3 stages of Transcription?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
What is initiation?
the promoter region of the DNA that signals RNA polymerase to bind
Elongation?
formation of new phosphoester binds 1 nucleotide added at a time
What is Termination?
Unique DNA sequence that signals stop/release of the RNA polymerase
(prokaryotic cells end here → get the final form of mRNA)
What is the steps of Eukaryotic mRNA processing?
Addition of a 5’ cap structure (added to the 5’ nucleotide of the mRNA). required for efficient translation
RNA splicing-removal of specific regions of the mRNA that are not protein coding
Addition of a poly (A) tail. (about 100 to 200 nucleotides added to the 3’ end of mRNA)
What are exons?
coding region-codons needed for the amino sequence of the protein
What are introns?
noncoding regions that need to be removed via splicing
What is the process of translation?
convert mRNA into a polypeptide (mRNA serves as the template; has codons)
What are the key players in translation?
Ribosome- ribonucleopretion complex
mRNA
tRNA
What does ribosomes do?
Small ribosomal subunits: 1 rRNA + 33 protein
Large ribosomal subunit: 3rRNA + 49 proteins
catalyze formation of peptide bonds between individual amino acids
What does mRNA do?
template that provides codons for specific amino acids
What does tRNA do?
-delivers specific amino acids to the cite of synthesis
-contains anticodon loop= complementary to the codon on mRNA
What are the 3 stages that take place in translation?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation
: proteins called initiation factors, mRNA start codon: AUG, initiator tRNA = tRNA for methionine
Elongation steps
Aminoacly tRNA bind to the “A” site on the ribosome
Peptide bond formation *catalyzed by peptidyl transferase (ribosome) (occurs in “p” site of the ribosome
Translocation of the ribosome down the mRNA to the next codon. Shift new peptide tRNA from a-site to p-site
“Reading Frames”
spaced in codons- 3 different ways “read”