Vocab and Notes from Unit 1 of AP Biology, Chemistry of LIfe.
Monomers
The building blocks of polymers.
Dehydration Synthesis
One monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer and releases a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
A bond is broken by adding a water molecule (one molecule gains “H” and the other gains “OH”
Composition of Carbs
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharaide
The building block/monomer of carbohydrates.
Simple sugar, contain 3-7 carbon atoms (ex. glucose, fructose galactose, all are isomers of each other (differ in organization of their atoms)).
Disaccharide
Form when two monosaccharides bond via dehydration synthesis (ex lactose, maltose, sucrose)
Polysaccharide
Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds (the chain may be branched or linear)
ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Starch
stored form of sugars in plants
Glycogen
storage form of glucose in humans
Primary Structure of Proteins
sequence of amino acids
Secondary Structure of Proteins
Occurs due to interactions of the peptide backbone
Beta-pleated sheets (hydrogen bonding)
parallel — backbones interact + sequences match
Anti parallel - opposite sequences + backbones interact
Alpha helix - hydrogen bonds between different layers of the helix.
Tertiary Protein Structure
This is due to interactions of side chains. It is the overall 3D shape of the protein and often minimalizes free energy. Various types of bonds and interactions stabilize the protein at this level. Most proteins become functional at this level.
Quaternary Protein Structure
(more than one polypeptide), arises from the interactions of multiple polypeptide units. Some proteins aren’t functional until this stage, such as hemoglobin.
Nucleotides
Building blocks/monomers of nucleotides
Amino Acids
Building block/monomers of proteins
Fatty acids or glycerol
building blocks of lipids (not really monomers)
Function of carbohydrates
Quick/short term energy, source of dietary fiber
Function of Lipids
long-term energy, make up biological membranes (phospholipids)
Proteins
Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions (enxymes), C
CHNOPS in Proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, (only sometimes phosphorus)
CHNOPS in Nucleic Acids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, not Sulfur
CHNOPS in Carbs
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (ratio 1:2:1)
CHNOPS in Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, sometimes phosphorus.
Hydroxyl group
OH (polar)
Carboxyl Group
COOH (acidic)
Methyl Group
CH3 (nonpolar)
Carbonyl Group
CO (double bond) (polar)
Sulfhydryl Group
SH (polar)
Amino
NH2 (basic)
Polypeptide
a continuous, unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Amino Acid
Consists of an amino (NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) and an R group which dictates its’ polarity and properties (size and structure). A protein is synthesized at the Carboxyl terminus.
R-Group CH3
Hydrophobic, nonpolar
R-Group CH2-OH
Hydrophilic, polar
R-Group CH2-COOH
Ionic, polar
Nucleic Acid Makeup
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
Ribose
The sugar in RNA
Deoxyribose
The sugar in DNA
AGCT
Nitrogenous bases of DNA
AGCU
Nitrogenous bases of RNA
Glycosidic Bond
is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Structure of DNA
Antiparallel, double helix, runs 5’ to 3’ one one side and 3’ to 5’ on the other.
Structure of RNA
Single strand
2 hydrogen bonds
There are BLANK holding together Adenine and Thymine in DNA.
3 hydrogen bonds
There are BLANK holding together Guanine and Cytosine in DNA.