2ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Transes

Immune System

Immune System

Lymphatic System is also known as the

Fluid Recovery or Balance, Lipid Absorption, Immunity of Defense

3 Functions of the Lymphatic System

Lacteals

_________ in small intestine absorb dietary lipids

Immune Cells

stand ready to respond to foreign cells or chemicals encountered.

Lymph

Clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma but much less protein.

Lymphatic Capillaries

Closed at one end

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Lymphatic Capillaries is composed of

Protein Filaments

Lymphatic Capillaries is tethered to surrounding tissue by

Prevent backflow

What is the main function of the valves?

CNS, Bone Marrow, Tissues without Blood Vessels

Lymphatic capillaries found in almost all tissues of the body except

Edema

the collection of fluid in the interstitial spaces.

Skin

the primary line of defense.

F, low

T OR F:

Lymph flows at high pressure and speed.

Lymphatic Vessels

Passageway for the lymph

Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa

Larger Lymphatic Vessels are composed of 3 layers:

Tunica Interna

inner most layer; endothelium and valves

Tunica Media

middle layer; elastic fibers, smooth muscle

Tunica Externa

thin outer layer.

(1) Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle during activity, (2) Periodic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall, (3) Pressure changes in the thorax during respiration

Three (3) factors cause compression of Lymphatic Vessels

helps propelling the lymph for it to move throughout the vessels and the body

Importance of the Contraction of the Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic Capillaries, Collecting Vessels, Lymphatic Trunk, Collecting Duct (Right Lymphatic and Thoracic Duct),

Route of Lymph Flow

Collecting Vessels

course through many lymph nodes

Lymphatic Trunks

drains major portions of body

Right Lymphatic Duct

receives lymph from R arm, R side of head and thorax; empties into R subclavian vein

Thoracic Duct

larger and longer, begins as a prominent sac in abdomen called cisterna chyli;

Thoracic Duct

receives lymph from below diaphragm, L arm, and L side of head, neck and thorax; empties into L subclavian vein.

Cisterna Chyli

Thoracic Duct begins as a prominent sac in abdomen called

Cervical (Neck), Axillary (Armpit to Breastbone), Inguinal (Groin)

The most palpable nodes in our body are

infection or inflammation

When you have ____________ or ____________, the nodes are more palpable, obvious, and painful to touch.

congregate

The nodes ____________ which is why it is more palpable.

Mechanical, Hematogenous, Lymphatic

Three (3) major ways of cancer cells spreading

(1) Right Lymphatic Duct, (2) Right Subclavian Vein, (3) Axillary Lymph Nodes, (4) Lymphatics of Breast

Identify the parts

Epidermis, Cartilage

Tissues without blood vessels

Anchoring Filaments

keeps the lymphatic capillary in place.

Mastectomy

removal of the breast

Total Radical Mastectomy

not only you remove the breast and the tissue but also the lymph nodes.

Natural Killer Cells

Responsible for immune system surveillance.

T Lymphocytes

produced in red bone marrow and travels and mature in the thymus.

Thymus

site of maturation of your T lymphocytes.

B Lymphocytes

produced in the bone marrow.

Proliferation

Activation B lymphocytes causes ___________ and differentiation into plasma cells that produce.

B Lymphocytes

Help in the production of your antibodies.

B Lymphocytes

When you lack __________________, you also lack antibodies. If you lack antibodies, you can say that your immune system is not functioning optimally or it bugged down.

Antigen Presenting Cells

are macrophages from monocytes.

Macrophages

They are capable of engulfing larger particles considered as invading pathogens

Dendritic Cells

found in the epidermis, mucous membranes and lymphatic organs.

Reticular Cells

also contribute to stroma of lymph organs.

Phagocytes

causes the destruction of your invaders.

Cytotoxic T Cells, Helper T Cells, Suppressor T Cells

Subtypes of T Lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T Cells

bind to the surface of the antigen and directly destroys the cell membrane afterwards will enter phagocytosis.

Secrete Lymphokins

prevents migration of antigens, they call other lymphocytes

Helper T Cells

divide and mature into plasma cells and begins the secretion of Immunoglobulins

IgA

depend the stimulation of the helper t-cells

Helper T Cells

Primary targeted/ attacked by the HIV

Suppressor T Cells

decreases the production of Immunoglobulins

B Lymphocytes

Where the immunoglobulin and antibodies are produced and found

B Lymphocytes

Comes from plasma cells and memory cells when it has been exposed to antigens.

Plasma Cells

secretes Immunoglobulins and antibodies which binds and destroys specific antigens.

Redness-Tubor, Increase in Heat-Calor, Pain-Dolor, Inflammation-Tumor, Loss of Function-Functo Laesa

Signs of inflammation

Immune Response

the body’s action plan to combat invading pathogens and substances.

Antigen

any foreign substance which enters the body

Immunogen

if an antigen is easily or readily destroyed

Allergen

causes allergic reaction

Proteins

Mostly the one that causes allergic reaction are your

Bone Marrow

This is where T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes are produced.

Spleen

filters the blood and it serves as the graveyard of your dead RBC.

Spleen

After 120 days, the dead RBC will be sequestered to the

IgM

reaches at adult levels at approximately 1 year of age

IgG

becomes present at 4 years old.

IgG

could be passed on from the mother to the fetus via the placenta.

IgA

reaches its peak during adolescence.

IgA

abundant in your breast milk.

Breast Milk

rich in immunoglobulin A and antibodies but poor in iron.

Colostrum

first breast milk that comes out from the mother.

IgE

the one responsible for allergic reactions and hypersensitivity responses

MALT

prevalent in passages open to exterior.

MALT

point of entry of microorganism.

MALT

When the pathogen enters the body, the _____ will act as a protection.

Lymphatic Nodules

Dense oval masses of lymphocytes and congregate in response to pathogens.

Lymphatic Nodules

When there is a pathogen that enters and invades the body, the __________ ____________ will congregate. Meaning, they will gather and crowd, then it would become palpable.

Peyer Patches

more permanent congregation clusters found at junction of small to large intestine.

Lymphatic Organs

Are found at well-defined sites.

Primary Lymphatic Organs

site where T and B cells become immunocompetent.

Immunocompetent

mature enough to fight against the pathogens.

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

Immunocompetent cells populate these tissues.

Lymph Node

Only organ that filters the lymph

Capsule

composed of dense connective tissue surrounding each lymph node.

Trabeculae

subdivide lymph nodes into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and lymphatic sinuses.

Lymphatic Tissues

found inside trabeculae and consists of lymphocytes and other cells that can form aggregations of tissue.

Lymphatic Sinuses

spaces between lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic Sinuses

contains macrophages on a network of fibers.

Lymphadenopathy

Collective term for all lymph node diseases

Lymphadenitis

when the lymph nodes are swollen, painful, and responding to foreign antigen

Lymph Nodes

common sites for metastatic cancer.

Metastatic Cancer

cancer cells spread through other parts of the body other than the point of origin.

Tonsil

Covered by epithelium.

Palatine Tonsils

pair at posterior margin of oral cavity

Palatine Tonsils

stays behind tonsillar pillars.

Lingual Tonsils

Pair at root of tongue

Pharyngeal Tonsil

single tonsil on wall of pharynx.