AP Psych Unit 5 Full

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

information processing model

encoding, storage, retrieval - like a computer

Connectionism model

• memories are products of interconnected neural networks

levels of processing

deeper processing = more important, shallow = short term & unimportant

sensory memory

limited by time, infinite storage in the moment

Working memory

short term - limited by number (7 = George A. Miller)

George A. Miller

made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory

Imagery memory

encode memory both semantically and visually -mnemonic devices

self-reference effect

Semantic memory ↑ = relatability ↑

rosy retrospection

The tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.

Chunking

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Hierarchies

chunking complexity ↑

parallel processing

Automatic & implicit (time/setting/muscle memory) VS Episodic & semantic (facts) tracks

primacy effect

better recall for items at the beginning of a list, longer term than recency

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well - still in working memory - short term

effortful processing

requires attention and conscious effort - in the frontal lobe & hippocampus

implicit memory

unconscious memory - cerebellum & Basal Ganglia

memory trace

mental path by which some thought becomes active - experience strengthens pathways & does not edit neurons

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. - Glutamate & CRED & sleep increase

Amnesia

loss of explicit memory - can learn implicitly

Left hippocampus damage

disrupted verbal memory

right hippocampus damage

disrupted visual memory and locations

infantile amnesia

Cerebellum alone records memory - implicit experiences

basal ganglia

structures in the forebrain that help to control movement

Recall vs. Recognition

fill in the blank tests vs. multiple-choice tests

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

• mood, state, & context

Daniel Schacter

7 sins of memory

absent-mindedness, transience, blocking

3 sins of forgetting: (1) encoding failure (2) storage decay over time (3) can't access stored info (tongue tip)

Misattribution, suggestibility, and Bias

3 sins of distortion: (1) source mismatch (2) misinformation effects memory (3) memories influenced by belief

Persistance

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Herman Ebbinghaus

serial position effect (primancy & recency) & the forgetting curve

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

imagination inflation

memory & imagination areas are provoked at the same time - creating false memories

source amnesia

lack of source context, just the event - (not misattribution & source mismatch)

True memory vs imagination

more detail & less of gist

positive transfer

when old information facilitates the learning of new information

Elizabeth Loftus

misinformation effect (eyewitness testimony) question influence imagination inflation

Noam Chomsky

language = innate

George A. Miller

short term memory has the capacity of about 7 (+/- 2) items.

Wolfgang Kohler

chimpanzee experiments Insight learning divergent, creative thinking

Robert Sternberg's intelligence theory

Successful intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (analytical, practical, and creative)

Formal reasoning

bottom up

Cognitive Bias

The misinterpretation of information as a result of a faulty or rigid heuristic

Representative Heuristic

placing stimulus into a category based on understandings and schemas that are learned by ear (not experienced)

Availability Heuristic

Using experience, or most memorable information to place a stimulus in a category

Creativity

Novel & valuable - Frontal Lobe - divergent

Convergent thinking

narrowing solutions - left partial lobe

Robert Sternberg's creativity theory

5 - VIIAC Expertise Imagination Venturesome personality Intrinsic motive Creative environment

informal reasoning

top down - Heuristics & cognitive bias

Anchoring Bias

(Cognitive Bias) a tendency to fixate on the first information

Confirmation bias

(Cognitive Bias) a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Hindsight Bias

(Cognitive Bias) the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Rigidity

(Cognitive Bias) Rejecting new ideas in favor of our own

functional fixedness

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

mental fixedness

Using previous success to block outside the box thinking

mental model

a specific situation that is represented in a person's mind with two or more mental concepts interacting

Syllogism

(formulaic) A form of deductive reasoning consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. like a mental formula for solutions

Diagnosis

(formulaic) eliminating wrong answers

A.I.

(formulaic) using formulas to form a solution

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information - low effort

framing

the way an event is posed

Intelligence

Ability to adapt and learn with experience and concepts

Charles Spearman

creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept - there is one intelligence & and each area interacts with the other. A score of one concept is indicative of another

L.L. Thurstone

attacks spearman's g factor with 7 intelligences

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

Howard Gardner

8 intelligences!!!!! Savant Syndrome & islands of brilliance

Mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Alfred Binet

mental age & earliest measuring of intelligence

Francis Galton

Eugenics & artificial selection - Darwinist by tests

Lewis Terman

Stanford-Binet test - ranks

L. L. Thurstone

proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities

David Wechsler

Developed WAIS and WISC (IQ tests)

Irving Janis

groupthink - the opinion of the whole is better than the wisest individual

Satoshi Kanazawa

some facets of intelligence are learned by experience and some by innate evolution

Grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

SQ3R Method

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

spacing effect

time between studying to increase retention

Testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving (via recognition to questions)

episodic memory vs semantic memory

Semantic = facts & context, episodic = dates and places

Morphemes

the smallest meaningful units of language

receptive language

ability to comprehend speech

productive language

ability to produce words

babbling stage

4 months

one-word stage

age 1

two-word stage

age 2 - telegraphic and on

universal grammar

Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure

language acquisition device

Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally - not like other learned things by operant conditioning (skinner)

Broca's aphasia

inability to produce speech - but can sing [frontal lobe]

Wernicke's aphasia

inability to comprehend speech (and speak it) [middle of broca's and gyrus]

Angular gyrus aphasia

no reading [occipital lobe]

linguisitic determinism

language influences schemes

bilingual advantage

bilingual children who learn to inhibit one language while using the other are better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant information - stronger overall brains - creativity up

Outcome vs. Process simulation

process simulation is more effective (focusing on process = success at task up)

Language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

general intelligence (g)

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Low extreme (IQ)

70 and below, 1% of population, down sydrome

mild

70-50 pts - 6th grade peak - social/verbal skills

Moderate

50-35 pts - peak at 2nd grade - protected work/labor