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abolition
social movement of the pre-civil war era that advocated the immediate emancipation of the slaves and their incorporation into american socity as equal citizens
act concerning religion (or maryland toleration act)
1649 law that granted free exercise of reliigon to all christian denomination in colonial maryland
adkins v childrens hospital
1923 supreme court case that reversed muller v oregon the 1908 case that permitted states to set max hrs to protect working women justices ruled in adkins that women no longer deserved special treatment bc they could vote
affrimative action
policy efforts to promote greater employment opportunities for minorities
agricultural adjustment act
new deal legislation passed in 1933 that established the agi adjustment administration (aaa) to improve agri prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstitutional in united states v butler 1936
albany plan of union
failed 1754
american standard of living
the progressive era idea that american workers were entitled to a wage high enough to allow them full participation in the nation’s mass consumption economya
american system
program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by speaker of the house henry clay in his presidential campaign of 1824; his proposals formed the core of whig ideology in 1830s and 1840s
american system of manufactures
a system of production that relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products: first perfected in connecticut by clockmaker eli terry and by small arms producer eli whitney in the 1840s and 1850s
amiercans with disabilities act
1990 law that prohibits the discriminatoin against persons with disabilities in both hiring and promotion it also mandates accessible entrances for public buildings
amistad
ship that transported slaves from one port in cuba to another seized by the slaves in 1839 they made their way northward to the US where the status of the slaves became a subject of a court case → they were able to return to africa
anglican church
the established state church of england formed by henry viii after the pope refused to annul his marriage to catherine of aragon
anglo-powhatan war
three wars fought btwn the powhatans and jamestown colonists in 1610-14 1622-26 1644-46a
annuity system
system of yearly payments to native american nations by which the federal gov justified and instituionalized its interference in native tribal affairs
antietam battle of
one of the bloodiest battles of the civil war fought to a standoff in sept 17 1862 in W maryland
anti fedralists
opps of the consitituion who saw it as a limitation on individual and states rights their demands led to the addition of a bill of rights to the doca
anti imperialist league
an organization formed in 1898 to oppose the United States' expansionist policies and imperialism, particularly regarding the acquisition of the Philippines. membership included prominent politicians industrialist labor leaders and social reformers
appomattox courthouse virgiina
where robert e lee surrendered during the civil war to ulysses s grant (the union gen) on april 9 1865
army-mccarthy hearings
televised us senate hearings in 1954 on senator joseph mccarthys charges of disloyalt in the army his tactics contributed to his censure by the senate
articles of confederation
first frame of goverment for the us in effect from 1781-88 it provided for a weak central authority and was replaced by the constitution
atlanta compromise
speech to the cotton states and internal exposition in 1895 by educator booker t washington the leading black spokesman of the day black scholar web du bois gave the speech its derisive name and critized washington for encouraging black ppl to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement
atlantic charter
agreement issued august 12 1941 following meetings in newfoundland btwn FDR and Churchil that signaled the allies cooperation and stated their war aims
atlantic slave trade
the systematic importation of african people fro their native contient across the atlantic ocean ot he americas fueled largely by rising demand for sugar rice cofee and tobaccoo
attucks cripus
one of the protesters against the brits who was killed during the boston massacre
axis powers
wwwi germany italy and japan
aztec
the mesoamerican empire ruled by the mexica ppl that was defeated by the spanish under hernan coretes and his native allies 1519-1528
baby boom
markedly higher birthrate post wwii → biggest dmographic “bubbly“ in american histroyb
backcountry
in colonial america the area stretching from central pennsylcania southward through the Shenandoah valley of virigina and into upland north and south carolina
bacons rebellision
unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter nathaniel bacon against britihs gov of virigina william berkeleys adminb
balkan crisis
a series of ethic and political crises that arose following the dissoln of yugoslavia in the 90s many atrocities were commited during the conflicts and the NATO and the UN and the US intervened allott
bandung conference
a 1955 meeting of leaders from 29 asian and african natoins that signaled the new visibility of the. “third world“ those nations allied with neither of the two cold wars superpowers who dsired to find their own model of economic development
bank of the US
proposed by the first secretary of the treasury alexander hamiltion the bank that opened in 1791 and operatedd until 1811 to issue a uniform currency make business loans and collect tax monies the second bank of the US was chartered in 1816 bu jackson vetoed the recharter bc hes anti banks in 1832
bank war
political struggle in the arly 1830s btwn jackson and financier nicholas biddle over the renewing of the second banks charter finacial bros dramageddon
barbary wars
the first wars fought by the us and the nations first encouner with the islamic world (the beef runs deep!) the wars were fought from 1801-1805 against plundering pirates off the mediterranean cosst of africa after president thomas jeffersons refusal to pay them tribute to protect american ships
bargain in 1877
deal made by a repub and demo special congressional commisosin to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; republican rutherford b hayes who had lost the popular vote war declared the iwnner in exchange for the withdrawal of fed tropps from involvement in politics in the south marking the end of reconstruction
BAY OF PIGS!!
us mission in whcih the cia hopign to inspire a revolt against fidel castro sent1500 cuban exiles to invade their homeladn on apirl 17 1961 the mission was a spectular failrue
beast
term for small groups of poets and writers who railed against 1950s mainstream culture
bill for establishing religious freedom
a virigna grafted by thomas jefferson in 1777 and enacted in 1786 that guarantees freedom or and from religion
bill of rights
first 10 amendments of the us consitiutions adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights against infringement by the fed gov
birth control movement
an offshoot of the arly twentieth centruy feminist movement that saw access to birtih control and voluntary motherhood as essential to womens freedom the bc movement was led by margaret sanger
black codes
llaws passed from 1865 to 66 in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves to nullifiy the codes congress passed the civil rights act of 1866 and the 14th amendment
black legend
idea that the spanish were worse to the natives than other euros used to justify english imperial exapnison
BLM
civil rights movement sparked by a series of incidents of police brutality and lethal force against poc
black power
post 1966 rallying cry of a more militant civil rights moemnt
bleeding kansas
violence btwn pro and anti slavery settlers in the kansa territory 1856
bonanza farms
large farms that covered thousnads of acres and employed hundreds of wage laborers in the west in the late 19th century
borderland
a place btwn or near recognized borders where no group of ppl has complete political control of cultural dominance
boston massacre
clash btwn britihs soldiers and a boston mob march 5 1770 in whcih 5 colonists were killed
boston tea party
the incident on decemeber 16 1773 in whcih the sons liberty dumped hundreds of chests of tea into boston harbor to protest the tea act of 1773 under the tea act the british exported sm cheap taxed tea undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty
bracero program
system agreed to by mexican and american gov in 1942 under which 10s of 1000s of mexicans entered the US to work temp in agricultual in the SW lasted in 1964 inhibitd labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported any time
brant joseph
hohark miltiary poltiical dipolatmic leader who led the haudenosaunee against hte rebelling britihs colonists in the revoleutaionary war brother of molly brant
brant molly
mohawk leader who coord efforts with the british and with loyalists during revolutionary war in haudenosaunee country sister of joseph brNT
bretton woods conference
international meeting held in the town of bretton woods new hampshire in 1944 in whcih particpants agreed that the american dollar would replace the britihs pound as the most important international currency the conference also created the world bank and IMF to promote rebuilding after wwii to ensure that countries did not devalue their currences
brook farm
transcendentalist commune in west roxbury MA populated from 1841 to 1847 principally by writers (Nathaniel Hawthorne, for one) and other intellectuals
brown v board of education
1954 us supreme court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared sparate by equal unconsitituional
bull run first battle of
the first land engagement of the civil war which took place on july 21 1861 at manassas junction virigna nad at which union troops quickly skeddadled away
bull run SECOND battle
civil war engagement that took place one year later aafter the first battle of bull run on august 29-30 during whcih confederates captured the federal supply depot at manassas junction virigina and forced union troops back to washington
bunker hill battle of
first major battle of the revolutionary war it actually took place at nearby breeds hill MA on june 17 1775
bush doctrine
George W Bush foregin policy principle wherein the US would laucnh a war on terrorism
bush v gore
its giving a rehash of adams (from wish) beating jackson in 1824
US supreme court case that determiend the winner of the disputed 200 presidential election this was fucked up bc wdym its bush’s brother jeb or wtv calling the shots and they decide to stop counting floridas votes and just decide bush wins
busing
the means of tranpsorting sutdents via buses to acheive school intergration in the 70s
camp david accords
peace agreemment btwn hte leaders of israel and egypt brokered by jimmy carter in 1978
captiol attack
jan 6 2021… we know this one… i was asleep my friends were watching llmanburg blow up or wtv and trump was trying to keep up his nixon level drama and got impeached but bc he wasnt presdient or wtv and they thought he was done done bye bye we lived so they didnt convict him and ;/
captivity narratives
accounts written by ccolonists after their time in native cpatitivity often stressing the cpatives religious convictions
caravel
15th centruy european ship capable fo long distance travel
carpetbaggers
derisive term for northern emigrants who participated in the republican gov of the reconstruction south
checks and balacnes
a systematic balance to perevent any one branch of the national gov fromdominating the other two bracnhes
chinese exclusion act
1883 law that halted chiense immigration to the US
church of jesus christ of latter day saints (mormons)
Brighma young led the mormons to utah
civil rights act
1964 law that banned discirmiation in public accoomdations nad employment
civil rights act of 1875
the law piece of reconstruction legislation whcih outlalwed racial discrim in places of public accommmodation such as hotels and theaters many parts of the act were ruled unconstitutional by the supreme court in 1883
civi; rights bill of 1866
along with the
civil service act of 1883
law that established the civil service commission and marked the end fo the spoils system
CCC
public work relief that provided outdoor labor to unemployed man cut unemployment rate and rebuilt infrastructure
cold war
term for tensions btwn the soviet union and the US the two major world powers after WWII lasting from 1945 to 89
collective bargaining
the process of negotiations btwn an employer and a group of employees to regulate working conditions
collective bargaining
the process of negotiations btwn an empployer and a group of employees to regulate working conditions
columbian exchange
transatlantic flow of goods and ppl that began with columbus voyages in 1492
committee of correspondence
group organized by samuel adams in reatilation for gaspee incidinet to adress american greivances assert ameircan rights and form a network of rebellion
common school
taxsupported state schools of the early nineteeth centruy open ot all children
common sense
a pamphllet anonymously written by thomas paine in janurary 1776 that attacked the english principles of hereditary rule and monarchicla gov
commonwealth v hunt
landmark 1842 ruling of the ma supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions
communitarianism
socila reform movement of 19th centruy driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on common ownership of property a less competitive and less individualistic society could be developed
compromise of 1850
complex compromise deised by senator henry clay that admitted cai as a free state included a stronger fugitive slave law and delayed etermination of the slave status of the new mexico and utah territories
congress of industrial organization
umbrella org of semiskilled industrial unions formed in 1935 as the committee for industrial org and renmaed in 1938
conquistadores
spanish term of conquerors applied to spanish and portuegese soliders who conquered lands held by indigenous peoples in central and south Am as well as current states of florida texas new meixoc arizona and cali
conservation movement
progressive reform mvoement that focused on the preservation sustainable management of the nations natural resources
consitituitional convention
meeting in philadellphia may 25- sep 17 1787 of rep from 12 colonies excepting rohde island to revise the existing articles of confed the convention soon resolved to produce an entirely new consititution
containment
general us strategy in the cold war that called for containing soviet expanision og devised by general george washington
continental congress
first meeting of representatives of the colonies held in philadelphia in 1774 to formualte actiosn against brits in the second contintential congress (1775-1789) the colonial rep conducted the war and adopted the declaration of indep and the articles of confed
the contrabands
slaves who sough refuge in union military camps or who lived in areas of confed under union control
contract with america
a list of conservatives promises in response to the supposed liberalism of the clinton administration that was drafted by speaker of the house newt gingrich and other congressional republicans as the GOP platform for the 1994 mid term electrons more of a cpamagin tactic
cotton gin
invented by eli whitenry in 1793 for sperating cotton seed from fiber making coton more profibiale → more slavery in the 19th centruy