Clinical Chemistry Review 11/13

What disease will show an excess of protein in the gamma region on a CSF electrophoresis? 

Multiple Sclerosis 

What is the oder of migration of serum proteins when a pH of 8.6 is used for a serum protein electrophoresis?

Albumin, Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta, Gamma

What factor is related to the clotting process and forms fibrin clot after thrombin activation?

Fibrinogen

What is one of the 1st proteins to become increased in inflammatory diseases?

CRP

What protein determines the risk for cardiovascular disease? 

HsCRP

What is the most used method for testing of total protein? 

Biuret 

What immunoglobulin has the ability to cross the placenta?

IgG

What immunoglobulin is the first to appear in response to antigenic stimulation?

IgM

What immunoglobulin is found in tears, saliva, mucus, and respiratory secretions?

IgA

What immunoglobulin is seen in allergic and anaphylactic reactions?

IgE

What is the most specific cardiac marker? 

Troponin 

What is the marker for CHF?

BNP

What does BUN stand for?

Blood Urea Nitrogen

What is the normal BUN/creatinine ratio?

10:1 or 20:1

What is the best method for measurement of uric acid?

Caraway

Uric Acid testing confirms diagnosis and monitors treatment of what disease?

Gout and Renal Calculi

What is the most common method for measurement of creatinine?

Jaffe

The measurement of the amount of creatinine eliminated form the blood by the kidneys is referred to as the:

Creatinine Clearance

The rate at which plasma is filtered by the kidneys is referred to as:

GFR

CK testing is most often used to determine which disorders?

Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle 

Which CK isoenzyme is increased in AMI?

CK-MB

What CK isoenzyme is found in healthy individuals?

CK-MM

What is the first detectable cardiac component elevated during an AMI?

Myoglobin

Explain what “flipped pattern” means in relation to LDH:

LDH-1 is greater than LDH-2 on electrophoresis it indicates and AMI

AST is used to detect disorders of what organ? 

Liver 

What is the most sensitive marker for liver disorders?

ALT

GGT results will be 2-3 times increased in which patient population?

Chronic Alcoholics

What disease state does assaying an ALP level help diagnose?

Liver and Bone

What test is now used more often as an indicator of prostate cancer?

PSA

Name two enzymes that are useful for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis:

AMS and LPS

What is the name fo the antimalarial drug that has been linked to G6PD?

Primaquine

Blood glucose is controlled by what 2 hormones?

Insulin and Glucagon

Name the hormone that decreases glucose levels:

Insulin

What is the primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels? 

Glucagon 

Diseases associated with abnormal lipid concentrations are known as:

Dyslipidemias

Define Xanthomas:

Lipid deposits in the skin

Abnormal accumulation of lipids in feces:

Steatorrhea

2Na + Glucose (mg/dL) / 20 + BUN (mg/dL) / 3 is the formula used to calculate what?

Osmolal Gap

What is the abundant cation in the extracellular fluid? 

Sodium 

What is the major intracellular cation in the body? 

Potassium 

Testing chloride levels in sweat may be useful to diagnose pts with what disease?

Cystic Fibrosis

The state of the body when CO2 is removed form the body faster than ti is produced by the body is known as: 

Hyperventilation 

What will the pCO2, pH, and pO2 be if a blood gas is exposed to air?

pH and pO2 decreased; pCO2 increased

What analytes is ran to measure the iron transporting capacity of transferring?

TIBC

What is the primary storage form of iron?

Ferritin

What does copper bind to for circulation in peripheral blood?

Ceruloplasmin

What disease is associated with copper levels? 

Wilson’s Disease 

What is the most common porphyria?

PCT

Wha tis the most common hemoglobinopathy in the US?

Hemoglobin S

What is the most common mixed hemoglobinopathy?

Hemoglobin SC

State the order of migration of hemoglobin from fastest to slowest:

A, F, S, C

What test is used to determine fetal-maternal hemorrhage during delivery?

KB Test

What test is useful to differentiate thalassemia minor and iron deficiency?

Ferritin

What is acromegaly?

Gigantism

What is the most common type of functional pituitary tumor?

Prolactinoma

What hormone aids in regulating body metabolism? 

Thyroid 

TRH is produced by the:

Hypothalamus

TSH is produced by the:

Pituitary Gland

T3 and T4 are produced by the:

Thyroid Gland

State the expected results for TSH, T3, and T4 in diagnosing hyperthyroidism:

Increased T3/T4; Undetectable TSH

State the expected results for TSH, T3, and T4 in diagnosing hypothyroidism: 

Decreased T4; Normal or Increased TSH 

What is the most common disease of the thyroid gland?

Hypothyroidism

Grave’s disease is associated with an increase or decrease in thyroid hormone?

Increase

What disease state is Hashimoto’s associated with?

Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

Enlarged thyroid gland:

Goiter

What organ is the chief reservoir of calcium? 

Bone 

What system regulates the level of calcium in the blood or serum?

Endocrine

Significant loss of calcium occurs through what organ?

Kidneys

Phosphate acts to inhibit the body from absorbing:

Calcium