biology final exam 6/4

testing explanations

Science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on

a way of knowing

Science is best described as

careful observations

The work of scientists usually begins with

a single variable

During a controlled experiment, a scientist isolates and tests

curiosity

A student sees a bee on a flower. The student wonders how the bee finds flowers. This student is displaying the scientific attitude of

creativity helps scientists come up with different experiments

Why is creativity considered a scientific attitude?

the quality of the report will meet high scientific standards

Suppose a scientist must choose whether to publish a report in a newspaper or in a peer-reviewed journal. What is a benefit of publishing in the journal?

Anonymous and independent experts

Who reviews articles for peer-reviewed journals?

scientists who read peer-reviewed articles may come up with new questions or ideas to study

How does sharing ideas through peer-reviewed articles help advance science?

may be replaced or revised

A theory

theories unify a broad range of observations and hypotheses

How do scientific theories compare to hypotheses?

science gives society answers to difficult ethical issues

Which of the following is NOT a way that science influences society?

ability to move

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

living things respond to their environment

Which of the following characteristics of living things best explains why some North American birds fly south for the winter?

living things need material and energy

Figure 1-1 illustrates which characteristic of living things?

homeostasis

The process by which organisms keep everything inside their bodies within certain limits is called

evolution

Figure 1-2 shows that tree finches and ground finches are descended from a common ancestor. This example represents which big idea in biology.

yes; the different branches of biology are interrelated

Would a scientist who studies evolution also have to learn about other branches of biology? Why or why not?

molecules

What are the smallest objects that biologists study?

DNA

Biologists who work in the fields of genomics and molecular biology study

the metric system is based on multiples of 10

The standard or English system of measurement uses units such as yards, miles, quarts, and gallons. The metric system uses units such as meters, kilometers, milliliters, and liters. Why is the metric system easier to use than the English system?

very few cells are able to reproduce

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

added to make certain structures easier to see

Colors seen in images made from electron microscopes are

stores DNA

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

mitochondria

Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?

helps a cell keep its shape

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

microtubules and microfilaments

What structures are involved in cell movement?

structure C

Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7-2 above stores materials, such as waters, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?

chloroplast

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

support and protect the cell

The primary function of the cell wall is to

animals

You will NOT find a cell wall in which of these kinds of organisms?

cell membrane

Which of the following structures serves as the cell's boundary from its environment?

osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

the water to move into the cell

An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes

endocytosis

Which means of particle transport is shown in figure 7–5 above?

homeostasis

What term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?

heart

Which of the following is an example of an organ?

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called

work together to preform a specific function

An organ system is a group of organs that

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to most complex level?

oak

Which of the following organisms makes its own food using light energy from the sun?

mushroom

Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?

autotrophs produce carbohydrates

What happens during photosynthesis?

sunlight

Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbing

in the thylakoid membrane

Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?

nitrogen

Which of the following is NOT found in the overall reaction for photosynthesis?

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

by breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy

How do organisms get the energy they need?

fermentation

Which of the following is not a stage of cellular respiration?

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

food molecules

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

oxygen

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back

Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?

all eukaryotic cells

Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in

more than 20 minutes

If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time you exercise?

alcoholic fermentation

All the following are sources of energy for humans during exercise EXCEPT

excess oxygen

All of the following are problems that growth causes for cells EXCEPT

moving needed materials in waste products out

Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble doing

a higher surface area/volume ratio than the parent cell

After cell division, each daughter cell has

S Phase

When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?

centrioles duplicate

Which event occurs during interphase?

D

Cell division is represented in Figure 10-3 by the letter

sister chromatids

The structures labeled B in Figure 10-5 are called

prophase, metaphase, and anaphase

During which phase(s) of mitosis are structures like the one shown in Figure 10-5 visible?

prophase

Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?

mitosis and cytokinesis

The two main stages of cell division are called

contact with other cells stops cell growth

Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish?

cyclins

In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by

tumors

Cancer cells form masses of cells called

multicellular organisms only

Cancer affects

differentiation

During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later on in development, the cells will become specialized through a process called

1

Each pea-plant gamete has how many alleles for the height gene?

control crosses between plants

Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to

both parents contributed a recessive

If a pea plant's alleles for height are tt, what is true of its parents?

the offspring can be tall or short

A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate,

the allele for both heights segregated when the F1 plants made gametes

In the P generation, a tall plant was crossed with a short plant. Short plants reappeared in the F2 generation because

homozygous

Organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be

polygenic traits

Variation in human skin color is an example of

one allele for each gene

Gametes have

meoisis

Gametes are produced by the process of

crossing over

What is shown in Figure 11-4?

haploid cells

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

chromosomes

Which of the following assort independently?

bacteria

What do bacteriophages infect?

a DNA molecule

Figure 12-2 shows the structure of

deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine

Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA?

is located in the nucleus

In eukaryotes, DNA

DNA

From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?

complementary to part of one strand of DNA

During eukaryotic transcription, an RNA molecule is formed that is

proteins

Genes contain instructions for assembling

a point mutation

A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called

if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species

Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered

descended from a common ancestor

Charles Darwin's observation that finches of different species on the Galapagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches

species similar to mainland South America species

On the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed

observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species

Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after

Earth is several million years old

James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work suggest that

could be generalized to any population of organisms

Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control

artificial selection

When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of

artificial selection

What is the process called when a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock?