English Civil War Study Guide

James VI of Scotland

Person who ascended the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I

Stuart Dynasty

What new dynasty was created by James VI of Scotland?

Puritans

A group that opposes the doctrine and ritual of the Church of England

Rid it of all remaining Catholic ritual

What did the Puritans wish to do to the Church of England?

Charles I

Ascended to the English throne in 1625

Henrietta Maria

Married Charles I (hint: Catholic, the King of France’s sister)

Money to fight a war against France and Spain

What did Charles I want from Parliament?

Dissolves parliament

What does Charles I do when Parliament does not give him what he wants?

Billet

To house troops in people’s homes

Petition of Right

Regulations formulated by Parliament to limit monarchial powers of Charles I

Agree to raise taxes for Charles’ wars

What would Parliament do if Charles signed the Petition of Right?

Regulations of Petition of Right

1) King could not collect taxes or force loans without consent from Parliament. 2) King could not imprison anyone without just cause. 3) Troops could not be housed in a private home against the owner. 4) King could not declare martial law unless England was at war

Charles’s behavior does NOT change. He disbands Parliament nearly one year after, vowing to never recall. Rules over England independently for the next 11 years.

What happens after Petition of Right is signed?

He collected his own taxes and imprisoned his enemies

How did Charles I violate the Petition of Right?

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury appointed by Charles I

Persecuted the Puritans, denying them rights to preach or publish their works. Burned works, publicly whipped Puritans.

What did William Laud and Charles I do regarding religion in England?

Some flee England, traveling to the English colonies (though most remain)

What is the result of the mistreatment of the Puritans in England?

Great Migration

The time period between 1630-1643 in which hundreds of Puritans came to the Americas

Scotland

Where did Charles and Laud want to establish the Church of England?

They resist it and prepare for war. Scotland invades England in early 1640’s

How did the Scots (Calvinists) react to the attempted establishment of the Church of England in Scotland?

Scotland invades England in the early 1640’s

What begins the English Civil War?

He needed money to defend England, so he recalls Parliament (after it had been dissolved for 11+ years.)

How did Charles I respond to the Scottish invasion?

They refused to discuss finance until Charles I addressed their concerns about him. Charles did not tolerate the “complaining”, and dissolved them again after 3 weeks.

After 11 years of a dissolved Parliament, how did they react to Charles’s attempted recall?

Short Parliament

The Parliament that lasted for three weeks under Charles I

He STILL needs money, so recalls them again - turns into “Long Parliament.”

After disbandment of the Short Parliament, what does Charles I do?

Long Parliament

The Parliament that stayed in session for twenty years under Charles I.

Primarily controlled by Puritans. Determined to decrease Charles’ power. Eliminated his special courts. Pass laws requiring Parliament to be called every 3 years. Ended illegal taxation. Imprisons Archbishop Laud and executes him for treason as a warning to Charles.

What did the Long Parliament consist of and what did they do?

Ireland was Catholic and refused to accept the Church of England. Ireland rebels in 1641

Describe England’s conflict with Ireland

Both Ireland and Scotland were rebelling

Why did Charles I need the Puritan Parliament’s help?

The Puritans (against king) and the Royalists (support king, opposed Puritan control over Church of England)

What were the two distinct Parliamentary groups?

Nineteen Propositions

Designed by Parliament in 1642 to make Parliament the supreme power in England

He refused to follow them. He led troops into the House of Commons, attempting to arrest 5 Parliamentary leaders. (War was drawing very near, so both sides began to prepare)

What was Charles’s response to the Nineteen Propositions?

Cavaliers

Army created by Charles composed of nobles and landowners from the north and west of England. Mostly calvary and horsemen

Roundheads

Military gathered by Parliament from the south and east of England

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Roundheads. Very religious, good military leader. Led Roundheads to many victories during the English Civil War.

They surrendered to the Puritans

What did the Cavaliers (royalist forces) do in May of 1646?

Parliament gains complete control over the English government. Parliamentary members who opposed Puritans were removed.

What was the result of the Cavaliers’ surrender?

Rump Parliament

The remaining Parliament members after the purging of anti-Puritans in the Long Parliament

He is put on trial and executed. His execution shocked the English people, who didn’t expect it.

What occurs after Charles I surrenders in 1647?

Republican, as attempted by the Parliament. More specifically a commonwealth

What form of government was created after the execution of Charles I?

Commonwealth

A state governed by elected representatives

No, they argued over reforms.

Did Parliament ever hold new elections in England during this time?

He took over Parliament by force, names himself “Lord Protector”, and dismissed Rump Parliament.

What did Oliver Cromwell do in 1653?

5 years

How long will Cromwell rule over England as a military dictator?

Dancing, swearing, gambling, and missing church

What did Cromwell outlaw while he was dictator?

His son, Richard. Though he was weak and forced to resign.

Who takes over England in 1658 when Cromwell dies?

They recall the Long Parliament to negotiate with Charles’ I son who has been living in France

After Cromwell’s son resigns, the people of England grow frustrated with the constant oppression and changing government. How does the military government respond?

Parliament was ready to reinstate the monarchy, but concepts of a representative government w/ individual rights remained. No English monarch will have absolute power again.

Before Charles II takes the throne, what changes in England?

He faced lots of danger in the Civil War as he fought as a Royalist, witnessed his father’s execution, and was nearly captured and executed (but escaped by fleeing to mainland of Europe. - Puritans were still aware of his location.)

Prior to Charles’ II return to the throne, what happened to him?

Merry Monarch

A nickname for Charles II because of his love for social life

Charles II returning to the English throne on May 26, 1660. The “Restoration”

What ended the English Civil War?

A Portuguese princess

Who does Charles II marry?

The English Parliament

Who did Charles II allow to gain more power?

Catholicism. He publicly claimed he was a member of the Church of England.

What was Charles’ II secret religion?

Cavalier Parliament

Parliament elected in 1661 under Charles II, limited power of the king, created a constitutional monarchy, made Charles II sign Petition of Right

The Clarendon Code

A series of laws passed by the Cavalier Parliament

The Church of England is the official Church in England, only members of the Church of England could attend universities and serve in Parliament

What did the

He did not agree with all of their decisions, but never publicly disagreed with them for the sake of the people.

How did Charles II cooperate with the Cavalier Parliament?

Political parties began to develop as an argument over who would take the throne.

After Charles II died, what was the conflict regarding who the new king would be?

His brother, James (Catholic), because he had no children to be heir.

Who was originally supposed to be king after the death of Charles II?

The Exclusion Bill

What does the Cavalier Parliament attempt to pass in 1679 that would prevent James from becoming king?

Whigs

(One of two parties) Members of the Parliament who wanted to keep James from becoming king

Tories

(One of two parties) Members of the Parliament who believed James should succeed his brother Charles II.

It was defeated by the Tories via the habeas corpus

What happened to the Exclusion Bill?

A person could not be imprisoned by the king without just cause or without trial

What did Habeas Corpus say?

The death of Charles II and coronation of James in 1685. Ended peace between Parliament and monarchy

What started the Bloodless Revolt?

Absolute power

What did James of England want?

He elected Catholics to government positions

How did James violate the Clarendon Code?

His Protestant daughter Mary

Who did Parliament want to have power after James’s death?

William of Orange, the ruler in the Netherlands

Who was Mary, James’s son, married to?

James has a son with his second wife in 1688, a future heir to the English throne (James wanted to raise him Catholic)

What interferes with Parliament’s plan to make Mary queen?

The Whig and Tory parties

Who united against James after he had another child?

“Invade” England

What did Parliament invite Mary to do?

Flees to France

After the invasion from Mary, what does her father James do?

“Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolt.” William and Mary take the throne without any casualties in 1689

What is the result of Mary’s invasion of England?

To govern England in compliance with Parliament

What do William and Mary agree to?

Bill of Rights

Passed by Parliament in in 1689. Kept king from raising taxes or maintaining an army without Parliament’s consent. Gave individual rights to the people: 1) right to trial by jury. 2) outlawed cruel + unusual punishment. 3) limited the amount of bail. 4) right to appeal to the king + free speech in Parliament

Unsuccessfully attempt to revolt

What does James do after William and Mary are given power?

Act of Settlement

Passed by Parliament under William and Mary; excluded Catholics from inheriting throne of England to prevent James’s return.

House of Commons (the lower house). They were not paid.

People of which group were elected to Parliament?

Property owning males, 4% of the population

Who could vote for Parliament members?

1) Church of England is the official church in England. 2) Only members of the Church of England could attend universities and serve in parliament.

What did the Clarendon Code do?

The rich

Who could run for office in England?

Her sister Anne, who had no children

Who is the throne passed to after William and Mary die?

Too many monarchs had died without children.

Why did Parliament begin to create a new order of succession to the throne? (1702)

Anne would be succeeded by the Protestant granddaughter of James I — Sophia, the wife of the German elector of Hanover

What was Parliament’s decision for the new order of succession?

House of Hanover

What dynasty is created when Sophia’s children take the throne?

Act of Union of 1707

Act issued by Parliament to unite Scotland and England into a new nation called Great Britain.

1) Representation in the English Parliament. 2) Keeping their Calvinist religion, their own laws, courts, and education system

What freedoms did the Scots receive from the Act of Union?

Parliament increased power under her. She received help from a cabinet

What changes were made due to Queen Anne’s lack of leadership skills?

Both Whigs and Tories, who would constantly argue (later cabinets were constructed of the majority party for this reason)

Whom did Queen Anne’s cabinet consist of?

George I

Who was the son of Sophia to succeed Queen Anne?

Raised in Germany, spoke very little English, did not know English customs, relied heavily on his cabinet.

Describe George I

The Whig Party, led by Sir Robert Walpole

Which party took control under George I?

Sir Robert Walpole, “prime minister” (also remained during rule of George II)

Who became the head of George’s I cabinet?

Prime Minister

The chief executive of a parliamentary government

Take more responsibility in the government (managing finances, appointing officials, requesting passage of laws, etc.)

What did George II want Walpole to do?

Helped England avoid wars, allowed the American colonies to grow

What benefits did Walpole bring to England?

He defeated France, gaining control over Canada and all of France’s territory *east of the Mississippi River*

How did George III expand the British empire?

It was costly. It eventually led to Britain’s losing of its American colonies

How did the war with France for its territory impact England?