American Pageant Chapters 1-8

How did North America become settled by humans?

Land bridge across the bering strait was revealed after the ice age. People followed animals across the bridge.

What was Native American life like before contact with Europeans?

- Agriculture based society

- 3 sisters (maize, corn, and squash)

- Advanced farming techniques like irrigation

- Aztecs had the most dense population

- To the north and east of the Pueblo, societies weren't as sophisticated

- Iroquois had a complex society

- Most Natives were nomads who lived in small groups

- Power and items of value were passed through female sides of families

What were the reasons for European exploration of the world?

Glory, gold, and god.

What were the effects of European contact with the native populations?

In Africa, Portugal and Spain's contact with natives caused enslavement; these slaves worked on coastal African sugar plantations. European contact with American Indians caused the spread of disease, killing many.

Define the Columbian Exchange.

The transfer of goods, people, and diseases between Europe, the Americas, and Africa after 1492. Specifically, American rum went to Africa in exchange for slaves; American rum and lumber went to the Caribbean for sugar. European diseases (smallpox, influenza, typhus, measles, malaria, diphtheria, whooping cough), livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs, horses), grains (wheat, rice, barley, oats), and crops (coffee beans, peach, pear, olives, bananas, sugar cane, onions, turnips, grapes, citrus fruits, honey bees) went to the Americas in exchange for American (tobacco, quinine, potatoes, avocados, peppers, peanuts, tomatoes, corn, beans, vanilla, pumpkin, turkeys, squash, pineapple).

Who were the Spanish Conquistadores?

Spanish explorers of the americas.

What was the encomienda system?

A Spanish economic system; essentially slavery; colonists could "receive" Indians if they Christianized them.

What European nations colonized North America and what land did they claim?

Spanish: Aztec empire (parts of Mexico), St. Augustine, New Mexico, California, Texas

French: Quebec

British: Roanoake, Jamestown

Why and how did the European colonies in North America differ?

Spanish colonies were larger and wealthier than English colonies

Spanish colonies lasted longer

Spanish married Indians, combining Indian and Spanish culture (mestizo)

English isolated and shut out Indians

Describe the early settlement at Jamestown?

Chartered by Virginia Company. Near a swampy area where disease spread quickly along James River. Gold seeking settlers who didn't work. John Smith's leadership scraped them along with the help of Pocahontas with them growing tobacco. Became a royal colony.

Define "cash crops" and state the crop that saved Jamestown.

Money making plants; tobacco

Who were indentured servants?

White europeans who came to the Americas to work. They were bound to the land for a certain amount of time and then were granted freedom dues which included their passage, some land, and some food.

Describe life in the West Indies and the Carolinas and Georgia.

West Indies: Sugar was the primary crop. Only the rich could succeed in this industry. Slaves worked the plantations. 4:1 black to white people. Slaves had no rights. Poor English farmers were pushed out as the sole product of the islands became sugar. The farmers migrated to the southern colonies.

Carolinas: Was founded in 1670 by these farmers. Brought leaves and the Barbados slave code which the American slave laws were based on. Carolina was founded to feed Barbados and to export non-English goods. Rice was the primary export. The port of Charleston became rich and diverse. Northern Carolinians weren't as rich as South Carolinians, causing the split.

Georgia: Was founded in 1733 to protect the rest of the colonies from the Indians, Spanish in Florida, and French in Louisiana. Launched by philanthropists trying to save people imprisoned for debt. Grew slow because of climate, restrictions on slavery, and Spanish attacks.

Describe plantation life.

Exported profitable crops purely for money. Slaves were used to farm the fields. Church of England was most popular. Slow city growth. Westward expansion because tobacco tired soil.

Who were the Puritans?

English Christians who were "purifying" Christianity. Tired of Roman Catholicism and wanted to revamp Christianity. Many settled in New England. Separatist Puritans left for Holland and then went on the Mayflower to New England after the Church of England said that they had to sit with the "damned" during mass.

Describe the development of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Non-Separatist Puritans (stayed in England after separatists left) left England in 1639 because they were scared for their lives. They later got a royal charter to create the Mass Bay colony. While not a democracy, the government was very inclusive. Religious leaders had lots of power due to the significance of Christianity. Clergy couldn't hold political office. They could also be fired. Problems arose when Quakers were prosecuted.

Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson and what did they believe?

Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan orthodoxy combatant. She thought holy life didn't necessarily cause salvation. She thought the saved didn't need to follow God or human's laws. She said these beliefs came from a revelation from God, leading to her banishment from Mass and her death at the hands of Indians

Roger Williams was a young pastor in Salem. Separatist who said Indians should have been compensated and the government shouldn't regulate the practice of religions. Exiled to England but went to Rhode Island and built a Baptist Church. Created full freedom of religion and separation of church and state.

What was the relationship between the native populations and the Bay Colony?

In 1620, an epidemic caused by contact with an English fisherman wiped out +75% of Indians in New England. Friendly relationship at first. When settlers pushed into CT river valley, problems arose. In 1637, the English and Narragansett Indians besieged a Pequot village and set fire to it. They shot the fleeing Indians. Some Indians were brought to praying towns to be Christianized. Metacom joined an Indian alliance and attacked 52 Puritan towns, destroying 12. Many people died in this war, called King Phillip's war. Slowed English westward expansion and weakened the Indian threat.

Describe the Dutch colonies.

Dutch had power for 300 years in the East Indies. Had land in the Caribbean and raided ships for treasure there. Hand land in Africa and Brazil; sugar plantations in Brazil. New Netherland was established near the Hudson River in 1623 to insert the Netherlands in the fur trade. Bought Manhattan Island for next to nothing. New Amsterdam was ruled by the Dutch West India Company for shareholders, meaning there was little freedom. Governors were harsh. Dissenters of Dutch Church were viewed as sus and Quakers were abused. Protests lead to little government power. Conquered Swedish colony. The land was granted to Duke of York by British crown. Duke of York took over the colony without firing a shot. Not many came to New York because of the lack of freedom, government corruption, and huge influential families.

Who were the Quakers and what was life like in Pennsylvania?

Society of Friends- dissenters- came to be in the mid 17th century. Disliked by religious and civil powers. Spoke up in meetings, had mass without paid priest, didn't take oaths, didn't pay taxes to church of England. William Penn got royal charter for Quakers because of discrimination. Pennsylvania was named after his father. Philly was planned making it beautiful. Bought land from Indians. Very inclusive, making Indians move there. Non-quaker europeans ruined Indian-european relationship there. Very free, diverse, modern, and grew quickly. Good quality of life. Governors were incompetent causing them to fight with the people.

Name the 4 Middle Colonies and state what similarities defined this region.

New York

New Jersey

Delaware

Pennsylvania

- Land plots not as small as in the north but not as big as in the south

- Government more personal than in the south but not as personal as in the north

- Fertile soil - grain exports

- Rivers fueled westward expansion and powered industry through the water wheel

- Forests fueled the shipbuilding industry

- Ports powered trade

- Less industry than NE but more than the south

- Diverse

Explain the causes and effects of Bacon's Rebellion.

Causes: lack of valuable land for freedom dues, no governmental response to Indian attacks, lack of women in the colonies.

Effects: short term- many people were hung; long term- slaves were brought over from Africa.

Explain the causes of the expansion of African slavery in America.

African slaves weren't as rebellious as the indentured servants. White slave masters didn't feel bad punishing or killing slaves.

What was the Middle Passage?

The voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas

What were the lifestyles of the enslaved people in the south?

Created their own culture of sorts- Gullah and jazz

Unbearable living - awful working environment and terrible climate

Kept population in check by bringing more slaves

Very difficult in the deep south because of how hard rice cultivation was

Easier for slaves in the Chesapeake region because tobacco wasn't as labor-intensive. Plantations were closer together, so slaves could see family members.

By 1720, there were enough women in the Chesapeake so the slave population could "perpetuate itself"

Pushed for freedom but no major rebellions

List and explain the similarities and differences between the southern/Chesapeake colonies and the Northern/New England colonies.

North had small farms while south had big plantations

North had personal government while south had generalized government

North had longer lifespan

More family stability in north

Women could hold land in South

Education more advanced in north

Families buried together in south

More bearable climate in north

Moved as family in north

Family center of NE society

Slaves were primary laborers in south

Expansion deliberate in north

Define the Half-Way Covenant.

Created to incentivize more people to join the church. Allowed people to become baptized but not have communion. They were partially apart of the church.

Define the Salem Witch Trials.

The cases of witches in Salem, MA. 25 people were hung. Ended when the governor's wife was accused of witchcraft. Was most likely because of economic tension.

What was the economic life in the colonies, 1700-1775?

Farming difficult in north because of rocky soil- less diversity/immigration

Harbors used for commerce in NE- good ship builders

Many NEs moved to other places

Women did household chores

90% of population lived in rural areas

Population boomed during century

Very diverse population

Very equal despite slavery

Most white americans were farmers

Skilled artisans and casual laborers in cities

Could climb social ladder

Rich elites in major cities

Richest 10% owned 66.6% of total wealth

Children worked to bring money in for families

Slave owners became very rich in south

Convicts were sent to colonies

Tried to stop importation of slaves but were unsucessful

90% of coloniests were involved with farming

Fishing popular

Triangle trade: american rum to africa for slaves; carribean sugar and molasses for american wood and food; tobacco, wood, fish and flour from america to London for british textiles

rum, beaver hats, iron, and weaved products were made in colonies

Lumber business important for ship building

Americans sold goods to foreign powers to buy more british goods (hit british saturation point)

Roads were slow and dangerous

Waterways were slow, cheap , and pleasant

Taverns were built (cradle of democracy)

Molasses act of 1733 tried to stop american trade with West indies

Explain the Great Awakening and state its importance.

The revival of Christianity in America.

Jonathan Edwards- salvation through good deeds was "folly"- depend full on God- terror of hell

George Whitefield- Evangelical preacher- enthralling voice- human helplessness- power of god- caused "salvation" and conversions- imitators

Old lights were skeptical- sabotaged their reputations/credability

Some believers in the awakening became baptists

Caused missionary work

Caused increased numbers

Caused schools to be founded (Princeton and Brown)

First spontaneous mass movement of americans

United Americans through shared history and similar experiences

Define Salutary Neglect.

After Queen Anne's war in 1713, the british let the colonists have some independence with trade

Not a ton of supervision

What was the Albany Congress?

Meeting of colonies by British in 1754

7 colonies

Keep iroquois tribes loyal- given presents

Unite colonies against france

Franklin- colonial home rule- adopted but colonists didn't think it gave them enough freedom while the british thought it gave them too much

What were the causes and effects of the Seven Years War?

Causes: French and English wanted control over Ohio Valley. Tensions raised. George Washington and men fired on the French and killed the leader.

Effects: French left with no land in continental North America. British were given Florida. Spanish gained trans Mississippi Louisiana and New Orleans. Britain became the leading power in NA and the most powerful force in the world. Proved the British weren't invincible. Created tension between colonists and British. United the colonists.

List the causes of the American Revolution.

Differences between colonists and British- colonists questioned status quo

Colonists embraced republicanism and Whig principles- worried about government control

Colonists didn't like being seen as tenants of the land

British banned American money

British crown could nullify colonial legislation

Mercantilism made colonies depend on Britain and didn't allow for growth

Taxation without representation

List and define the many taxes.

Stamp act: Many goods were stamped, meaning a tax had to be paid on them

Sugar act: increased tariffs on imported foreign sugar

Declaratory act: brought colonies under full control of the British government

Townshend acts: indirect customs duties on items at American ports

Describe the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party.

Massacre: After being provoked by a crowd of angry protesters, the British shot and killed 5 colonists.

Tea Party: Angry with the tax on tea, the colonists dressed as Indians and threw 342 chests into Boston Harbor.

Who were the Patriots and who were the Loyalists?

Patriots were the rebellious colonists who wanted to break free while the loyalists were the submissive subjects who wanted to stay apart of England.

What were the Continental Congresses and the Olive Branch Petition?

FCC held in response to intolerable acts- 12 state- how to set right injustices- Declaration of rights, appeals, the Association

SCC held after lexington and concord- 13 states - raised money and created military- selected Washington to lead- wanted to stay part of england

OBP- result of SCC- said colonies were loyal to the king and that they didn't want any more hostilities.

What was Common Sense and who wrote it?

A pamphlet explaining why America should be free (no small island should control such a big swath of land). Said there should be a republic. Power came from people. Thomas Paine wrote it.

Who wrote and what did the Declaration of Independence state?

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration. Was an explanation of why the colonies were attempting to break free from the British. Was a call for foreign assistance. Resistance was justified with the rights that George III flouted. Noted his injustices. Was an attempt to create resistance at home.

Why was The Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the war?

Caused the French to join the Americans, resulting in American freedom. Revived the American cause.

What battle ended the war?

The Battle of Yorktown; Cornwallis was completely cut off.

Describe the peace treaty that gave the American Colonies their independence.

The Treaty of Paris: Americans gained their independence as well as a large amount of land. Had to be recommended that loyalists wouldn't be prosecuted. Made British recognize US.