Anti-Nutrients and Aflatoxins in Feeds

Aflatoxin

Is a group of metabolites of mycotoxins commonly occuring in animal feeds held under mold-producing conditions for extended periods but may also develop prior to harvesting

• Aspergillus flavus

• Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2

Aflatoxins commonly affecting animals are produced by _ which produced _

Mycotoxin

are relatively heat stable, difficult to eliminate when already present in feeds and considered a potent carcinogen.

>30% moisture

Growth of aflatoxin-producing molds actively on surface of damp or high

23 to 33C

Feeds under aerobic conditions at temperatures between

Corn

is reportedly the most possible aflatoxin source, but also common in barley, sorghum, wheat, cottonseed, peanuts, coconut and soybeans

Grains

seeds which have had insect damage(or mechanical) in the field during harvest are especially susceptible to mold infestation

• rumen fermentation

• body metabolic processes

• proper immune function

• carcinogenic

Mycotoxins affect animals by disrupting:

• Propionic acid

• Preservatives

will keep down mold growth

• Aflatoxicosis

• Mycotoxicosis

is the disease condition caused by the toxins produced by molds that grow on feedgrains and is characterized by wide range of signs or symptoms.

• Mouth lesions

• ulceration

• necrosis of mucous membranes

_ are common with T2 toxin in birds like: (3 answers)

• depression

• sluggishness

• dehydration

• polyuria/polydipsia

• abortion

• dry muzzles

• rough hair coat

• feathering

• runny eyes

• droopy ears

• lethargy

• death

Common symptoms of T2 toxin are:

1. Trypsin and Chymotypsin Inhibitor (Protease)

2. Glucans

3. Alpha-amylase inhibitor

4. Phytohemagglutinin (Lectins)

5. Phytic acid( Phytate)

6. Gossypol (Polyphenolic aldehyde)

7. Tannins

8. Cyanogen or HCN

9. Sinapine

10. Saponin

11. Mimosine

12. Glucosinolates (Goitrogens)

13. Pectin

14. Soyin

15. Ergot Alkaloids

Anti-nutrients and Toxic Factors

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitor (Protease)

present in raw soybean, wheat and barley

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitor (Protease)

• inhibits _ activity, and cause pancreatic hypertrophy and dietary loss of appetite

• removed by heating

B-glucans

are viscous gummy carbohydrates that are poorly digested and lower the digestible energy in feeds.

Glucans

Common in barley and oats

Alpha-amylase inhibitor

• Present in barley, feed wheat and rye

• Hinders carbohydrate utilization

Phytohemagglutinin (Lectins)

• Found in raw soybeans

• Cause growth depression

• Release digestive enzymes into the feces

• Destroyed by heat treatment

Phytic acid (Phytate)

Exists in all feeds derived from plants called phytin

Phytic acid (Phytate)

• Reduces mineral bioavailability and protein availability

• Linseed meal

Gossypol (Polyphenolic aldehyde)

• Cause olive green yolk in stored egg

• Controlled by heating and adding Fe salt

Tannins

• sorghum, rapeseed meal

• Reduce protein digestibility and inhibit enzymes

Cyanogen (HCN)

• cassava

• poisoning

Sinapine

• Canola

• fishy odor in egg

Saponin

• Alfalfa

• injury to digestive mucosa

Saponin

• Ipil-ipil leaves

• alopecia

• sterility in breeding animals

Glucosinolates (Goitrogens)

• inhibit Iodine-binding to thyroid gland and induce goiter

• Responsible for “hot taste” in Mustard and horse raddish that reduces palatability of feed.

• Found also in rapeseed and canola meal. Rapeseed oil has high toxic erusic acid but canola oil has low.

Pectins

• Like glucans, impair nutrient absorption, causes diarrhea and poor growth. Present in rye (8%)

Soyin

• soybean meal

• depresses appetite and a trypsin inhibitor which reduces availability of methionine and cystine

Ergot Alkaloids

• Produced by Claviceps fungi that causes gangrene, abortion,agalactia, gain in weight and FCE.

• Rye and triticale