hazards - case studies

What is the overview of Typhoon Haiyan

category 5 super typhoon stikes central philippines 9th nov 2013

1 minute sustained winds of 315 km/h suppper strong

storm surge reaches 5.2 metres in tacloban city

14 mil people effected

What is the overview of Hurricane Katrina

category 3 hurricane at landfall near New Orleans

29th August 2005

storm surge exceeded 8 meters in some areas - levees breached

80% new orleans flooded

125 billion dollars in damage

What is the overview of Nyiragongo

Eroption from stratovolcano in democratic republic of congo

erupts 17th jan 2002

low viscocity lava from fissure eruption - 60km/h lava flows

large damage to civilisation

What is the overview of philippines

multi hazardous environment

archipelago located in pacific ring of fire and typhoon belt

20+ typhoons annually, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes

What is the overview of indonesia

peatland fires in july - october 2015

caused by slash and burn agriculture exacerbated by el nino drought

What is the overview of eyjafallajokul

eruption iceland fissure eruption 20 march 2010

250 million m cubed of tephra

large ash cloud

What is the overview of christchurch

magnitude 6.3 earthquake strikes christchurch february 2011

low fatalities and quick recovery

What is the overview of Nepal

april 2015 magnitude 7.8 earthquake from main himalayan thrust fault

large fatalities

What were the causes of Typhoon Haiyan

formation due to unusually warm pacific waters 0 30 degrees

low wind shear (change in speed or direction) allowing for vertical cloud development

high humidity in mid-troposphere sustained convection (transfer of heat)

pre existing tropical disturbance disturbance was furthered by the formation

coastal deforestation removed natural surge buffers allowing for storm surge to form

urbanisation of tacloban flood plains increased exposure

What were the causes of Hurrican Katrina

developed from tropical depression over bahamas

intesified by lloop current (deep sea warm layer of water)

low pressure of 902 hpa allowed for formation

levee design and upkeep flaws allowed for impact (only embedded 6 metres into silt)

reduction it wetlands removed the potential for absorbing the storm surge

‘poor evacuation planning - 28% of population of vehicle access

What were the causes of Nyiragongo eruption

divergent boundary tectonics of east africa rift

low silica basalt magma enabled fast flow rates

lack of monitering due to DRC civil requiring focus

bad city planning with urban expansion into path of lava flows

What were the causes of philippines

triple junction of 3 tectonic plates - eurasian philippine and pacific plates

subduction forms volcanoes and earthquakes

typhoon

urbanisation on coast due to tourism oppurtunity

informal settlements on hazard prone land

What were the causes of indonesia wildfires

el nino drought with 50% reduction in rain fall

peatland drainage for palm oil plantations

slash and burn clearing

weak law enforcement of this

dry season winds spread fire

What were the causes of Eyjafallajokul

divergent margin causes volcanism

meltwater interacts with magma causing explosion due to pressure build up

sulicic magma produces fin ash

polar jet stream carries the ash causing the global effects

lack of volcanic ash contingency plans in europe

What were the causes of christchurch

alpine fault sress transfer

shallow hypocenter was near city centre

liquefaction in alluvial sediments as christchurch was built on old river delta

only fraction of building has seismic strengthening with many being old

What were the causes of Nepal

main himilayan thrust fault

shallow focus beneath gorkha district

majority of building had no reinforcements

steep topography leads to landslides

high population density

what were the social impacts regarding typhoon haiyan

6300 confirmed deaths with 1061 missing

4.1 million displaced

90% tacloban city damaged structurally

breakdown of law enforcement in first 72 hours

psychological trauma with high levels of ptsd

what were the social impacts regarding hurricane katrina

1833 fatalities

705 missing

80% new orleans flooded

superdome shelter houses 26000 for 5 days in unsanitary conditions

23% spike in crime in houston which was a place receiving evacuees

mental health and suicide spike

demographic shift with 57% lower black population in lower 9th ward

what were the social impacts regarding nyiragongo

147 deaths from asphyxiation and burns in 24 hours post eruption

400,000 displaced

15 hospitals destroyed - compromises cholera treatment

120,000 left homeless with lava covering 15% of infrastructure

increased child soldier recruitment in aftermath

what were the social impacts regarding philippines

annually 8.7 million people affected by typhoons

1500 schools damaged by hazards annually

indigenous groups disproportionally affected

manila floods displace 250,000 people annually

post disaster malnutrition rises by 12%

women 14% higher mortality from disasters

what were the social impacts regarding indonesia

500,000 cases of acute respiratory infections due to the fires

19 deaths from haze related illnesses

43 million people got expsoed to hazardous air quality

4.6 million students affected by school closure for 30 plus days

increased child birth complications and premature deaths

food insecurity and famine caused by crop failures

what were the social impacts regarding eyjafjallajokul

100,000 travelers stranded due to flight disruptions

5000 uk students stuck in iceland

ash contaminates 50% iceland fresh water sources

300 farms evacuated

cultural disruption to arctic indigenous community migration patterns

what were the social impacts regarding christchurch

185 deaths - 115 from CTV building collapsing

6500 injuries treated and cared for in the first 72 hours of hospital usage

8000 people relocated from zoned residential areas

heritage loss with 1000 historic buildings demolished

what were the social impacts regarding Nepal

8969 fatalities

22302 injured

3.5 million lost housing and left homeless

1000 schools destroyed

1.7 million students effected

human trafficking increases by 15%

cultural loss of over 700+ historical monuments

what were the environmental impacts regarding typhoon haiyan

storm surge deposits saline water 2km inland which contaminating 30,000 hectares of farmland

13 million tones of debris deposited overwhelms any waste management methods

oil spills from storage tanks due to the typhoon leading to contamination of 20km of coastline

coral reef damaged at 35 sites

what were the environmental impacts hurricane katrina

200 million gallons of oil spilled causing mass polution

1.3 million birds killed by storm surge

habitat loss

saline water deposition destroys 100,000 hectares of freshwater marsh

post storm fires release 22,000 tons of pollutants

what were the environmental impacts nyiragongo eruption

co2 emissions trigger acid rain damaging crops up to 50km down wind

volcanic ash contaminates 70% of goma’s water supply

what were the environmental impacts philippines

annually loses 47,000 hectares of forest due to typhoons and landslides

manila bay coral gets reduces by 12% due to sediment runoff

eruptions cause the acidification of of freshwater lakes

coastal erosion of 4m a year due to typhoons

what were the environmental impacts indonesia wildfire

2.6 million hecatres of peatland burned

large c02 output into atmosphere increasing climate change

orangutan habitats destroyed

smoke particles alter the patterns of precipitation across southeast asia

what were the environmental impacts eyjafjallajokul

ash deposited deposited across land smothering pastures and agricultural practices

fluoride contaminates 50% of southern iceland freshwater

glacial ablation increased by 15% due to ash induced albedo reduction - less relfective of suns rays

large c02 emissions

what were the environmental impacts christchurch

liquefaction ejected 400,000 tons of silt into urban areas

avon river shifts cause

groundwater levels altered permanently

mass loss of trees

what were the environmental impacts nepal earthquake

landsides permanently alter landscape

valley fog intensified due to dust from collapsed buildings

agricultural terraces damaged

what are the short term responses regarding typhoon haiyan

philippines gov declares state of emergency within 6 hours

USS george washington group deploy 3000 personnel for search and rescue

UN launches 301 million flash appeal to fund relief efforts

field hospitals set up

due to difficulty of travel some remote island had delayed aid e.g eastern samar waits for 3 weeks

what are the short term responses regarding hurricane katrina

coast guard use helicopter to rescue 33,500 people

FEMA deploy 30,000 tents and 7 million ready meals

superdome used to shelter 26,000

national guard implement martial law due to reports of violent crime

FEMA director micheal brown lacked emergency management experience

buses werent on time with the superdome population waiting days for evac and supplies

what are the short term responses regarding nyiragongo

red cross distribute 17,000 emergency kits

UNHCR set up 12 temporary camps for displaced people

water supplied by truck

no pre existing evacuation plan caused chaotic migration to rwanda

aid distribution disproportional to urban areas over rural villages which were most effected due to proximity

what are the short term responses regarding indonesia wildfires

gov deploys 25,000 military personnel to fight fires

singapore privide cloud seeing aircraft to induce rainfall

hospitals wave fees for respiratory treatments

response delayed by 6 weeks due to gov initially denying severity

small farmers receive no compensation while palm oil companies get subsidies

what are the short term responses regarding eyjafjallajokul

eu activate crisis coordination unit to manage airspace disruptions

iceland civil service evac 700 farmers

airlines provide vouchers to 100,000 passengers

no eu wide contingency plan for the ash

developing countries’ exports that were lost due to hazard got to no compensation

what are the short term responses regarding christchurch

urban search and rescue teams deployed from 8 countries

gov declare state of emergency

temporary housing supplied to 8000 displaced

migrant communities report slower access to aid

what are the short term responses nepal

indian air force conducts rescue flights

temporary education supplied

UN supply 15 million emergency aid fund

remote mountain villages recieve delayed aid

what are the short term responses philippines

NDRRMC coordinates response

pre positioned supplies for 72 hour deployment

mobile hospitals deployed

local gov personnel lack training to operate

politicians use relief for electoral gain

what are the long term reponses regarding typhoon haiyan

build back better program constructs 205,000 typhoon resistant homes by 2017

adopt nationwide mobile alert system for storms in 2014

tacloban constructs new storm surge barrier

15% of rebuilt homes are in high risk coastal areas

preparing for the future by adding annual typhoon drills in schools

what are the long term reponses regarding hurricane katrina

14.5 billion levee upgrade

road home program distributes 9 billion to homeowners

african america neighbourhoods recieve 20% less rebuilding funds

what are the long term reponses regarding nyiragongo

goma volcano observatory rebuilt with EU funding to moniter volcanic activity 24/7

urban plan prohibited rebuilding highest risk lava zones

due to poverty 40% of residents still reside in prohibited areas

monthly evacuation drills implemented

what are the long term reponses regarding indonesia wildfires

peatland restoration agency formed in 2016 to restore 2.4 million hectares

satellite monitoring detects fires within 30 minutes

2022 fires showed that 50% of companies operating would still violate the no burn laws

remote villages are trained to form a firefighting team

what are the long term reponses regarding eyjafjallajokul

ICAO implement global volcanic ash thresholds in 2012

iceland install 23 gas moniters to study active volcanoes

what are the long term reponses regarding christchurch

central city recovery plan uses 40 billion new zealand dollars to rebuild

new inforced seismic codes require all building to meet 100% of structural reinforcement parameters

insurance disputes delayed rebuilding heavily

what are the long term reponses regarding Nepal

national reconstruction authority rebuilds 700,000 homes by 2020

UNESCO restore 50% of the damage done to heritage sites

30% of rebuilt homes arent structurally reinforced to withstand earthquakes

monthly school evacuation drills

what are the long term reponses regarding philippines

cliamte responsive intergrated master plan adopted

1000 evacuation centres build for storms

60% of cities lack the funding to implement government proposed plans