English 1 exam second quarter

Rhetoric

A method developed by Aristotle to always win an argument. Include all three of these in an essay or debate and you’ll be the victor.

Ethos

credible sources/your credibility

pathos

touching reader’s emotions

logos

using logical arguments/facts to prove your point

tone

The writer’s attitude toward the character, subject, and audience of a story. [Tone = Person]

mood

The climate or feeling of a literary work. [Mood = Environment]

archetype

An original model of a person, a perfect example, or a prototype upon which others are copied; a universally recognized symbol.

diction

The words a writer chooses to convey. Enunciation of words.

dialect

A particular way of speaking that is unique to a social class or region. (vs. Standard English)

dialogue

The words a character in a story speaks. A fancy word for “discussion.”

figure of speech

A word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another; not meant to be taken literally. Basically, any phrases you’d have to explain to a foreign-exchange student

figurative language

not literal.

idiom

A popular figure of speech; almost always overused and/or a cliche.

facetious

treating serious issues with inappropriate humor

Facetious synonym and antonym

S: Flippant A: Respectful

Erudite

Showing great knowledge or learning

Erudite synonym and antonym

S: Intelligent A: Dumb/bovine

Noxious

Very harmful

noxious synonym and antonym

S: Poisonous / dangerous, A: healthful/beneficial

Absolution

Formal release from guilt or punishment

Absolution Synonym and antonym

S: forgiveness, A: Condemnation

Cantankerous

argument I’ve and uncooperative

Cantankerous synonyms and antonyms

S: bad-tempered A: Kind/happy

Temerity

Excessive or follish

Temerity synonyms and antonyms

S: Nerve/Rashness A: caution

Pronouns

Replace nouns which are people, places, things, or ideas.

Antecedent

the word that the pronoun refers to (it’s the noun that the pronoun is talking about)

Capitalizization rules

Capitalize the first word of a sentence, Capitalize names and other proper nouns, typically dont capitalize the word after a colon dont capitalize seasons but do capitalize days moinths and holidays, Capitalize most words in titles of books movies and articles

TAG

Title, author, Genre

Claim

clear statement that expresses your main idea or argument about a text.

Premise

reason for your claim i

Intro to evidences

set the scene

Evidence

detail, example, or quote from the text that supports your claim.

Justification

Sentence 1 is how the evidence supports the premise and sentence 2 is how the evidence supports the claim

Alliteration

the repetition of the first consonant sound occurring close together in a series

Example of alliteration

but a better butter makes a better batter

Allusion

A brief reference to a famous person or event-often from literature, history Greek mythology, or the Bible it can simplify complex ideas

Example Allusion

He was a real Romeo with the ladies

euphemism

a mild or pleasant term used in place of an unpleasant or offensive one

Example Euphemism

sanitation engineer instead or garbage man

Hyperbole

an obvious intended exaggeration

Example Hyperbole

his snores were louder than a freight train

Juxtaposition

putting two contraption elements together that are so unlike that the effect is surprising witty or even startling

Example juxtaposition

my only love sprung from my only hate

Metaphor

comparison without using “like” or “as”

Example Metaphor

he felt lost in a sea of nameless faces

oxymoron

The combination of two words or opposite meaning for dramatic Comedic or provocative effect

Example oxymoron

Dark comedy

Parallelism

several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed in similar grammatical form to show that the ideas are equal in importance. Can add balance, rhythm and emphasis to ideas. (Often occurs with anaphora, epistrophe and/or juxtaposition.)

Example parallelism

We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.”

Personification

type of metaphor in which nonhuman objects or ideas are dictum human qualities

Example personification

the wind whispered her name

repetition

A repeated word or phrase used for emphasis there are two common types of

Repetition anaphora

repetition at the beginning of a line. Example: “We demand truth. We demand justice.

Repetition epistophe

repetition at the end of a line. Example: “See no evil. Hear no evil. Speak no evil.”

Bandwagon

Convinced the public to think speak or act in a particular way simply because others are exploits human desire to fit in

Bandwagon example

Everyone is voting for bob you should too

Card stacking (also called cherry picking)

Making one side of an argument look good by only presenting information to support that side with the opposition being buried or underrepresented

example of card stacking

an enlistment poster might might feature an impressive image with words such as travel and adventure

common-enemy/scapegoat

an attempt to simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy often used during wartime and in political campaigns

Example common-enemy/ scapegoat example

During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis blamed the Jews or all of Germany’s problems.

Fear/ scare tactics

scaring an audience into believing or doing something by convincing them of the terrible consequences if they dont

Fear/ Scare tactics example

If Bob gets elected, you will lose your Social Security and die hungry and poor!

Gaslighting

Using persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying to sow seeds of doubt in a target individual or group, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, sanity, and norms.

Gaslighting example

Politician, after saying X, Y, Z repeatedly, insists, “I never said X, Y, Z. Surely, anyone with a brain knows it. This is just a smear campaign by my opponent.”

Glittering generalities

using emotionally appealing words and phrases to evoke positive feelings or actions from the audience without focusing on the details.

glittering generalities example

“freedom,” “honor,” “democracy,” “hero,” “patriot,”

Name calling

giving a person group or an idea a bad label by using an easy to remember perforating name

Name calling example

We’re hugger nazi terrorist

Plain folks

The speaker tries to convince the audience that he/she is “one of them,” a “commoner” who understands how they feel.

Plain fold example

“Folks, before I ran for office, I worked for years in a factory just like all of you.” (The speaker might wear casual clothing and/or bring family on stage.)

Rationalization

When questionable behaviors are justified in a seemingly rational manner in the absence of a true explanation and are made consciously tolerable - or even admirable.

Rationalization example

After evading paying taxes: “I’ve paid my fair share of taxes over the years. I’m just not going to give all my money to the government when they’re only going to waste it.’

Ensconcedn

settled in comfortably

enmity

True hatred hostility animosity

cryptic

mysterious difficult to understand

maxim

Saying or proverb

obstinate

stubborn refussing to change

posthumously

Occurring after death

repose

state of rest inabilityvity or tranquility

capitulate

to give into surrender cease to resist

countenance

face or facial expression

lamentation

passion expression of grid or sorrow

Retinue

a group of advisers assistants or others

accompanying an important person entourage

an important person entourage

Morse

gloomy sullen ill-humored

Taciturn

reserved remains not to speak much uncommunicative

snowball

Pig – Smart, idealistic, and one of the leaders of the animals after the Rebellion. Inventive but eventually chased away by Napoleon.

Molly

Horse – A vain horse who likes ribbons and sugar, doesn’t care about the Rebellion, and eventually leaves the farm.

Mr Frederick

Human – Owner of Pinchfield farm, tricky and mean, cheats Napoleon in a business deal.

Mr pilkingtion

Human – Owner of Foxwood farm, more laid-back but also selfish, represents Western leaders

Napoleon

Pig – Power-hungry leader of Animal Farm who becomes a tyrant. Uses force and propaganda to stay in control.

Benjamin

Donkey – Cynical, wise, and skeptical. Knows what’s happening but rarely acts on it. Represents author.

Boxer

Horse – Hardworking and loyal, believes in the farm’s cause, but is eventually betrayed

Clover

Horse – Motherly and caring, loyal to the Rebellion, but gradually becomes aware of Napoleon’s corruption.

mr whimper

Human – A solicitor/intermediary who does business with Animal Farm, representing outside support or trade.

Moses

Raven – Spreads stories about Sugarcandy Mountain, representing religion or spiritual consolation

Old major

Pig – The wise old pig whose ideas inspire the Rebellion, represents Marx/Lenin

Mr jones

Human – Original owner of the farm, cruel and neglectful, represents the old oppressive regime.

Squealer

Pig – Persuasive and manipulative, Napoleon’s propaganda agent, convinces animals to follow Napoleon’s orders.