Cardiovascular System

epicardium

outside layer of the heart

myocardium

middle muscle layer of the heart

endocardium

inside layer of the heart

pericardium

sac surrounding the heart

Myocardial infarction

heart attack

Bradycardia

slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm

SA node

The pacemaker

AV node

At the bottom of the atria sends impulse to the ventricles, can pace at 40-60 bpm

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm or heart rate

Vasoconstriction

Constriction of the veins

hypertension

high blood pressure, sustained 140/90

Systole

contraction phase of the heart

Coronary artery disease

artery that nourishes the heart muscle becomes thickened

Pulmonary stenosis

a heart condition where the pulmonary valve, which controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs, becomes narrowed

Atrial fibrillation

a heart condition that causes an irregular heartbeat.

atrioventricular (AV) valve

valve that separates the atrium from the ventricle

Aortic valve calcification

a condition where calcium deposits accumulate on the aortic valve

atrium

upper chambers of the heart

ventricle

lower chambers of the heart

right side of the heart

responsible for pulmonary circulation, moving deoxygenated blood to lungs

left side of the heart

responsible for systemic circulation, moving oxygenated blood to body

name of AV valve on left side

bicuspid/mitral AV valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

aortic semilunar valve

valve between left ventricle and aorta

diastole

relaxation portion of blood pressure

Heart rate (HR)

number of times heart beats in one minute

arteries/arterioles

vessels carry blood AWAY from heart

venules/veins

vessels carry blood TO the heart

capillaries

blood vessels that are one cell thick, where nutrient/gas exchange occurs

aorta

largest artery in the body

blood pressure

the force/pressure blood exerts on blood vessel walls

normal blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

pulmonary circulation

blood flow from heart to lungs

systemic circulation

blood flow from the heart to the all the parts of the body

pulmonary artery

the only deoxygenated artery, leaves the right ventricle

pulmonary vein

the only oxygenated vein, enters the left atrium

right atrium

where the superior & inferior vena cavae empty into

coronary artery

artery that nourishes the heart muscle

Functions of the circulatory system

-Transport gases, nutients and hormones

-Homeostasis- regulates temp, pH and electrolytes

-immunity (WBC, antibodies)

plasma

liquid component of the blood, is a straw colored mixture of 92% water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, and wastes

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; transports gases

Hemoglobin

protein that binds oxygen

Leukocytes

White blood cells; fight disease and infection

thrombocytes

platelets; clot blood

spleen

organ that fliters blood, produces antibodies

Hematopoiesis

Formation of red blood cells

antigens

proteins found on the surface of red blood cells, determines blood type

agglutination

clumping of blood

Blood types

A, B, AB, O (+/-)

transfusion

transfer of blood from one person to another

Universal donor

O-

Universal recipient

AB+

Anemia

lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin

Leukemia

form of cancer that causes an overproduction and release of immature white blood cells

chordae tendịneae

"heartstrings" that keep valves from prolapsing and are attached to the papillary muscles.

Purkinje fibers

Nerves in the heart that carry the contraction impulse toward the apex of the heart, to the muscle of the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract.

Fibrillation

Failure of the electrical system can cause the heart to beat irregularly

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

measure electrical impulses coming from the heart, creating a graph of the output.

P wave

Atria contract (atrium depolarizes)

QRS wave

Ventricles contract (ventricle depolarizes)

T wave

Ventricles relax and reset (ventricle repolarizes)

Angioplasty

a narrow balloon is inserted into the blocked vessel. It is then inflated, expanding the vessel.

Aneurysm

weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to bulge outwards. This can lead to:

The vessel bursting

or formatin of a thrombus

Sphygmomanometer

an instrument for measuring blood pressure