corrections final

Public Account System

Warden where responsible for purchasing material and equipment and for overseeing manufacture, marketing and sale of prisoner made items.

Contract System

The prison advertised for bids for employment of prisoners, whose labor was sold to the highest bidder.

State User System

Employs prisoners to manufacture products consumed by state governments and their agencies, departments, and institutions.

Public Work System

Prisoners were employed in construction of public buildings, roads, and parks.

The Medical Model of corrections

a philosophy of prisoner reform in which criminal behavior is regarded as a disease to be treated.

external classification

Happens when an inmate first enters the system. Determines which facility they go to (e.g., minimum, medium, max security). Based on crime, risk level, sentence, and behavior history.

internal classification

Happens within the prison after arrival. Determines housing, work, and program assignments. Based on behavior, health, gang ties, and needs.

The Advantages of Classification Include

Separating inmates by risk level and program needs puts extremely aggressive inmates in high security. Minimizes misclassification, thus promoting a safe environment for inmates and staff. More accurately places inmates and more effectively deploys staff. Enhances prison security by reducing tension in the prison

Justification for Prison Industries

It generates safer prison management and better prison discipline through the reduction of idleness. It is cost-efficient. It contributes to job training and rehabilitation

how many people in prison have a learning disability

up to 50%

What have courts said about denying inmates medical care?

Indifference to serious medical needs constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th Amendment.

The “Principle of Least Eligibility”

states that the requirement that prison conditions—including the delivery of health care—must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare.

What is Design Capacity in a prison

The number of inmates a facility was originally built to hold. Based on physical space and infrastructure like beds, cells, and layout. Doesn’t account for staffing or current policies.

What is Operational Capacity in a prison?

The number of inmates a facility can realistically manage based on staffing, programs, and services. Reflects day-to-day function, not just space. May be lower than design capacity due to safety or resource limits

Justice Reinvestment

the practice of reduced spending on prisons, and investing a portion of the savings into infrastructure and civic institutions located in high-risk neighborhoods In an effort to reduce the prison population.

Parole

The conditional release of a prisoner prior to the completion of the imposed sentence, under the supervision of a parole officer

discretionary release

An inmate's eligibility for parole is determined by the sentence received by the court as set by law. What is early release based on the paroling authority's assessment of eligibility

Mandatory release

early release after a time specified by law

reentry

the use of programs targeted at promoting the effective reintegration of offenders back to communities, upon release from prison and jail.

parole eligibility date

the earliest date in which an inmate can paroled

Why are corrections not correcting

Most parole officers manage large caseloads, as technical violations grow so do expenses, and there has been a shift from service orientation to surveillance

Reentry programs should focus on

Mental health, substance abuse, housing and homelessness, education and employment, and children and families for women

parole board

a correctional agency that has the authority to grant parole

 

Salient Factor Score (SFS)

developed from a risk-screening instrument, used to predict parole outcomes.

The main factors considered when deciding to grant parole

Criminal History, Institutional Behavior

parolee

A person who is conditionally released from prison to community supervision

Wardens supported parole because?

Parole helps manage prison overcrowding by safely releasing eligible inmates, induces good behavior

Non-revocable parole (NRP)

type that cannot be revoked for technical violations; the person does not report to the parole officer.

Reentry courts

Manage the return to the community of individuals released from prison, using the authority of the court to apply graduated sanctions and positive reinforcement and to marshal resources to support the prisoner’s reintegration.

Community Policing & Reentry

Since a parolee will be going back to the neighborhood, and the chance of coming into contact with law enforcement is great, let the police be part of helping with the reentry.  It provides additional supervision and is hoped will keep the parolee from going back to their old ways.

Total institution

A place where the same people work, eat, sleep, and engage in recreation together day after day is called

Prison Argot refers to what?

The special language of inmate subculture.

prisonization

The taking on of the ways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary is known as 

Major problems that inmates face in prison include

Loss of liberty and personal autonomy, Lack of material possessions, Loss of heterosexual relationships, Reduced personal security

deprivation theory

The belief that inmate subculture develop in response to the deprivations in prison life is called ***************** theory.

importation theory

The belief that inmate subculture are brought into prison from the outside world is called ***************** theory

What would be an example of a prisoner importing a subculture of theirs into prison?

A gang member continuing gang affiliation behind bars.

The mean dude

Is notorious for resorting quickly to physical power.

The agitator

Is constantly trying to stir things up.  He responds to boredom by causing problems for others.

The retreatist

Unable to cope with prison life; withdraw psychologically from the world around them.

the religious inmate

Professes strong faith and may attempt to convert inmate sans staff.  Looked at with suspicion by staff and inmates who believe they are faking.

The punk

Forced into a sexual relationship with an aggressive well respected prisoner.

The radical

Thinks of themself as political prisoner.  They believe that discrimination has denied them education and skills needed.  Shift blame from self to society.

10% are women- ratio 1:9

 

What is the ratio of women in prison compared to men (approximately)? 

pseudo-families

Family structures common in women's prisons, in which inmates assume roles similar to those of family members in free society, has been termed as 

4000

Approximately how many women in prison give birth each year?

issues with mothers in prison

 they are worried about possible alienation from their children because they are gone so long.

The number of women in prison

has grown faster percentage wise than that of men’s

drug crimes

What are women more likely to be serving time for

Sexual and physical abuse

women have experienced far more of this

How do social roles in women’s prisons influence adaptation to prison life?

Social roles in women’s prisons often place greater emphasis on homosexual relationships as a way to cope with isolation and build emotional support.

hands of doctrine

U.S. courts for many decades avoided intervening in prison management. The rationales of this, judges should leave correctional administration to correctional experts

1970’s

When did the hands-off doctrine end

Four legal foundations of prisoners rights

U.S. Constitution, federal statues, state constitutions, and state statutes.

The constitutional rights of inmates may be restricted by

maintenance of institutional order, maintenance of institutional security, safety of prison inmates and staff, and rehabilitation of inmates.

A writ of

is an order from a court to produce a prisoner in court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being legally detained. 

Habeas corpus

Latin for you have the body.

either nominal, compensatory, or punitive damages.

an award of money that a court may give an inmate when they have sustained a class

An injunction

a judicial order to do or refrain from doing a particular act.

Precedent

previous judicial decision that judges should consider in deciding future cases.

balancing test method

used by the U.S. Supreme Court to decide prisoners' rights cases, weighing the rights claimed by inmates against the legitimate needs of prisons.

totality of circumstances

The standard to be used in evaluating whether prison conditions are cruel and unusual is called the