Male Reproductive System

what are the male gonads?

the testes

function of the testes

1. produce sperm

2. testosterone production

what cell does testosterone come from?

leydig cells

what two things stimulate spermatogenesis

1. FSH 

2. Testosterone 

what stimulates testosterone secretion

LH

location of the testes

in the scrotum

sperm pathway

tunica albuginea → seminiferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ducts → epididymis 

Where is the sperm stored and matures?

the epididymis

what connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

ductus deferens

what is the urethra

passage for urine and semen 

what forms the ejaculatory ducts

1. seminal vesicles

2. vas deferens

seminal vesicle function

1. secrete alkaline

2. fructose-rich fluid

function of prostate gland 

1. secrete acidic fluid containing citric acid 

2. enzymes 

3. PSA (prostate-specific-antigen)

function of bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

1. secrete alkaline mucus to lubricate urethra

2. neutralize acidity

function of scrotum

1. regulate testicular temperature

2. protect testes

function of penis 

erectile organ for sexual intercourse & urination

arterial supply

1. testicular arteries

2. cremasteric artery

3. artery to vas deferens

venous drainage

1. testicular vein

2. pampiniform plexus

what is the normal sperm count 

50-150 million/ ml. 

what is an infertile sperm count

below 20 million/ml.

what system controls erection?

parasympathetic nervous system

what system controls ejaculation

sympathetic nervous system

at what stage are the levels of FSH and LH elevated

puberty

what is circumcision 

surgical removal of part of prepuce (foreskin)

what is cryptorchidism

an undescended testicle

patients who had cryptorchidism are more prone to what?

30-50 x more incidents of testicular cancer

what is balanitis 

inflammation of the penis glans

most common cause of balanitis

candidal balanitis

painless mass on testis can lead to what?

testicular tumors

what percentage of testicular tumors arise from germinal cells

95% and are malignant 

pre-existing conditions that can lead to testicular tumors

1. 10% of cryptorchidism

2. white population

3. trauma (cyclist)

what accounts for 50% of primary malignant testicular tumors

seminoma

what percentage are squamous cell carcinoma

95%

what HPV subtypes are associated with carcinomas in the penis

subtype 16 & 18

what is prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate

what is benign prostatic hypertrophy 

accumulation of fibrous tissue with hyperplasia of lining epithelium 

what is the most common visceral neoplasm for males

prostatic adenocarcinoma

70-80% of prostatic adenocarcinomas arise where?

peripheral zone

primary stage of syphilis 

chancre 10-90 days after exposure 

secondary stage of syphilis

1. mucocutaneous lesions

2. condyloma Lata

3. secondary uveitis

tertiary stage of syphilis

1. cardiovascular & neurosyphillis

2. gumma

#1 test for syphilis 

VDRL 

what is gonorrhea

purulent urethral discharge