ap world unit 4

ch 14 & 15

spanish empire

1400s- late 1900s. made up of territories and colonies in europe, africa, and asia controlled from spain. at its strongest, it was one of the biggest empires in world history according to how much land they had, and one of the 1st global empires. royalty from the castile and aragon kingdoms ruled it. christopher colombus led the first spanish exploration trip which led them to colonizing america.

portuguese empire

bustling trade empire built throughout the indian ocean. extended control after defeating muslim fleet and captured goa which was made the capital of their trading empire. after this they seized the strait of malacca which gave them control of the moluccas also known as the spice islands.

british empire

formerly the united kingdom and all the territories under its control.

french empire

empire control in canada, ohio, and mississippi river valley with louisiana.

dutch empire

established by dutch east india company and soon replaced portugal as leader in spice islands introducing and maintaining monopoly on coffee and sugar and become only european allowed to trade with japan before empire declined b/c war w/ britain.

hernan cortes

1485-1547, spanish conquistador who defeated the aztecs and conquered mexico.

moctezuma I

(1466-1520) aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the aztecs when cortés and his army conquered the empire. he was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the spanish army.

atahualpa

(1497-1533) an incan ruler who was kidnapped by pizarro during his attempt to keep the spanish from entering his territory. he offered to fill a room with gold and silver in exchange for his release. the ransom was accepted, but the ruler was strangled by the spanish.

mestizo

a new racial concept that developed in latin america following the intermixing that occurred between european colonists and the native american population.

tupac amaru

mestizo leader of indian revolt (1780-1781) in peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution.

mulattoes

in colonial latin america, people of mixed spanish and african descent who were denied basic political, economic, and social rights due to their mixed heritage.

less racial mixing

in contrast to most latin american colonies, there were fewer children born of mixed-race parents in british north america and a sharply defined racial system developed.

pelts

the "soft gold" that drove russian expansion.

yasak

tribute that russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of siberia, most often in the form of fur.

catherine the great

(1762-1796) she is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

cossacks

the "vanguard" of russian expansion across siberia; bands of warriors consisting of peasants who had escaped serfdom.

russification

a tsarist program that required non-russians to speak only russian and provided education only for those groups loyal to russia.

qing dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of china which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the manchu people: began to isolate themselves from western culture.

manchuria

an area northeast of the great wall of china that conquered china and ruled during the qing dynasty.

zunghars

western mongol group that created a substantial state (1671-1760); their threat provoked qing expansion into central asia.

treaty of nerchinsk

the first treaty between china and russia that helped set the borders for the two nations (1689.)

court of colonial affairs

bureaucratic institution developed by the qing dynasty which helped manchus establish an identity; ruled the rest of china.

timur

timur through conquest gained control over much of central asia and iran.

akbar

(r. 1556-1605). he expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with hindus.; removed the special jizya tax on non-muslim people in south asia and restrained the more militant ulama.

rajputs

members of a mainly hindu warrior caste from northwest india

jahangir

akbar's son, promoted Islam in the empire, but was still tolerant of others.

shaykh ahmad sirhindi

(1564-1624) indian islamic scholar from punjab; claimed to want to "renew" authentic Islam in the mughal empire and strongly rejected the synthesis that akbar was bringing about in india between islam and hinduism; encouraged mughal emperors to enforce the jizya, impose sharia, and remove non-muslims from high office.

aurangzeb

(1658-1707) mughal emperor in india and great-grandson of akbar 'the great' - under whom the empire reached its greatest extent; mughal empire collapsed shortly after his death and was conquered by the british.

sati

a hindu practice where the widow of a fallen husband followed him to death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre.

caravel

small, highly maneuverable used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from 15th - 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade

carrack

large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) 14th- 17th century

fluyt

dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries

henry the navigator

(1394-1460) portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of africa; sponsored seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved africans

vasco da gama

portuguese explorer.; 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from europe to sail to india, opening an important commercial sea route for europeans

ferdinand magellan

portuguese navigator who led the spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

trading post empire

imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by europeans in the indian ocean as they took over trade from arab and muslim merchants

christopher columbus

italian navigator who discovered the new world (in 1492) in the name of spain while searching for a direct sea route to access indian ocean trade

columbian exchange

exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the americas and the rest of the world following columbus' voyages.

mercantilism

economic system where nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold/silver and by exporting more goods than they imported; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth; prevalent from 16th - 19th centuries.

the great dying

the devastating demographic impact of european-borne epidemic diseases (like smallpox and measles) in the americas following european conquest; anywhere from 50-90% of indigenous peoples were killed by european diseases

chattel slavery

absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person; the form of slavery utilized in the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade

mita system

economic system in Inca society where Inca subjects paid "taxes" with their labor and what they produced for a set period of time each year; later exploited by the spanish as they forced incas to mine silver

indentured servitude

worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination; before 1800 (19th century) most were europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were south or east asians

encomienda

grant of land made by spain to a spanish settler in the americas, including the right to use local indigenous peoples as laborers on the farm

hacienda

spanish estates in the americas that were often plantations; they represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners would have agreements of loyalty but would retain control over the actual land; continued into the 20th century.

joint-stock company

exploration company made up of a group of shareholders; each shareholder contributed money to the company and received some share of the company's profits and debts; used by european rulers to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade

royal chartered monopoly companies

groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to france and england in exchange for a monopoly over trade to indian ocean colonies

vodun (voodoo)

new world syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of west africa with roman catholic christianity; evidence of the syncretism created when european and african beliefs merged in the americas

santeria

originated in cuba, a religion that blends african traditions and roman catholic beliefs/practices; evidence of the syncretism created when european and african beliefs merged in the americas

casta paintings

spanish-commissioned paintings that showed the racial mixing of new world families; illustrated the importance of European ancestry in the social hierarchy of latin america

mestizo

term used by spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed native american and european descent

mulatto

term used in spanish and portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed african and european descent.

creoles

descendants of spanish-born but born in latin america; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

peninsulares

spanish-born upper class individuals who immigrated to latin america; highest social class and given special privileges and the highest political positions in latin american governments

the fronde

series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV (1648 - 1653) caused by growing royal control and increased taxation; inspired Louis XIV to take total political control in fear of a future uprising

nat turner's rebellion

a rebellion of enslaved virginians that took place in southampton county, virginia led by former enslaved person nat turner in 1831; one example of resistance to existing authorities in the americas

british east india company

british joint-stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism.; controlled the political, social, and economic life in india for more than 200 years.

dutch east india company

dutch-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the east indies.

triangular trade

three-way system of trade during 1600-1800s whereby africa sent enslaved people to the americas, the americas sent raw materials (like sugar, tobacco) to europe, and europe sent guns and rum to africa in exchange for enslaved africans

coercive labor

any labor system that involves force (slavery, chattel slavery, serfdom, spanish run mita system, and indentured labor)

bullion

gold and silver in the form of bars

Vasco da Gama’s 1497-1499 voyage

☆ from Portugal to Calicut, India
☆ motivation was spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, mace, cloves and pepper
(used as condiments, preservatives and aphrodisiacs)

prester john

legendary Christian monarch ruling in Asia or Africa and wanted to continue the crusades

mexico and bolivia

silver deposits that were exploited by european countries

main ships

☆ caravel: easier to tack (which is wind with the wind in a zig-zag pattern), lateen sails, sponsored prince henry
☆ carrack: stable -> longer voyages, had larger cargoes
☆ galleon: like the carrack but larger and had weapons
☆ fluyt: a dutch ship that was cheaper to build and to operate because it had a small crew size, higher sails led to faster voyages, no weapons so x2 more cargo

example of a trading post empire where the main goal is to control trade not territories/populations

portugal

cartaz

a pass carried by all merchants, made by authorities in the East also made merchants pay duties of 6-10%

voyage of 1519-1521

☆ philippines first encountered (named after king philip the second)
☆ lead by ferdinand magellan, a portuguese mariner

takeover of the philipines

☆ small military operations with gunpowder weapons, alliances and gifts to chiefs and catholic rituals →basically peaceful takeover in 1565
☆ led to the philippines being an outpost for christianity in asia
☆ taxes, tribute and unpaid labor were common
☆ manila = new capital in 1600

manila

☆chinese and japanese merchants and artisans were living
☆ there was revolts because of discrimination which led to the spanish killing nearly all of the 20,000 chinese people living there

europeans and japan

☆ when European merchants came to Japan, there was conflicts between daimyo
☆ they were welcomed bc of technology and there was ~300,00 converts to Christianity
☆ Japan unified politically in the early 17th century under a shogun fry, the Tokugawa clan
☆ they then saw europeans as a threat and forbade the practice of christianity
☆ 1650-1850: country was closed off because Japanese shoguns banned all European traders (except for Dutch because they weren’t really interested in spread christianity)

spanish america produced ___ of the world's silver and _____was the capital for shipments

85%, manila

1570s and taxes in china

☆ chinese authorities made taxes that were required to pay in silver
☆ higher demand → value increased and foreigners could buy more of china’s goods
☆ Chinese, Portuguese and dutch traders went to manila to sell Chinese goods in exchange for silver

Bolivia and silver

a city called Potosi became the largest city in the americas because of the silver there

piece of eight

the spanish silver coin being used by merchants in North America, India, Russia and Africa

japan and trading

☆ Japan used the silver production to unify Japan under the Tokugawa shoguns
☆ merchants created a market-based economy, investing in agriculture and industrialization
☆ slowing of population growth (contraception), no ecological crisis (restoring forests) and a highly commercialized economy

china and trading

☆ even more commercialization and regionally specialized
☆ more land being devoted to cash crops → loss of half the forest cover
☆ role in silver trade = asian centrality of the global economy
☆ europeans acted as middlemen, American silver to asia
☆ Chinese and Indian textiles > European textiles

the fur industry

☆ 1500 - number of animals that had fur were decreasing
☆ little ice age only made it worse because people wanted fur for warmth
☆ price of a pelt quadrupled in France between 1558 and 1611

natives and the fur industry

☆ most Europeans made the natives get the pets and in exchange gave the natives goods like blankets and guns
☆ cheap labor, not really coerced
☆ their role in trade protected them from enslavement
☆ natives being depended on European goods → traditional crafts being lost
☆ alcohol being introduced to native societies was very problematic
☆ fur trade, disease, dependence, guns and alcohol = the decline of native societies

1664-1763

French-british rivalry made natives choose sides and fight

russian tribute

☆ the abundance of fur animals in Siberia made Russia rich
☆ Russians got fur from tribute: every able-bodied Siberian male from 18-50 must give them pelts
☆ they took Siberian hostages to ensure more pelts

1500-1866 atlantic slave trade

12.5 million people taken from African societies as part of trade

the shift from slavic to african people as slaves

most slavic people were slaves, but in 1453 when the ottomans took Constantinople the supply of slavic slaves was cut off, at the time Portuguese mariners were exploring the African coast

foods that went to africa

maize and manioc (aka cassava)

Benin kingdom

☆ monarch called oba, who controlled trade
☆ avoided involvement in slave trade (1516 began restricting it, then banned the export of male slaves)
☆ but in the eighteenth century it resumed the trade

Aja-speaking people/kingdom of dahomey

☆ highly authoritarian
☆ tried to limited external slave trade, tried to import European craftsmen and develop plantation agriculture but failed
☆ because of this failure they participated in the slave trade under royal control
☆ annual slave raids → essential revenue