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A decision-making model where problems, solutions, participants, and choices flow independently, connecting haphazardly. Decisions occur when these elements randomly align.
Garbage Can Model
Highlights the chaotic and non-linear nature of policymaking, emphasizing the role of organizational context and timing in shaping outcomes.
Relevance of the Garbage Can Model
Education reform: School vouchers adopted due to political will, funding, and public demand rather than a perfect fit.
Example of the Garbage Can Model
John Kingdon's model where policy change happens when three streams—problems, policies, and politics—converge at a 'policy window.'
Multiple Streams Model
Explains how and why certain policies gain traction over others based on timing and alignment.
Relevance of the Multiple Streams Model
Climate policy gaining traction after a natural disaster (problem), pre-existing proposals (policy), and public advocacy (politics) converge.
Example of the Multiple Streams Model
Individuals or groups who invest time and resources to promote a policy idea and exploit opportunities to advance their agenda.
Policy Entrepreneur
Demonstrates the role of agency and strategy in shaping policy outcomes.
Relevance of Policy Entrepreneur
Al Gore's efforts in promoting climate change awareness as a major policy issue.
Example of a Policy Entrepreneur
A state where no individual can be made better off without making another worse off.
Pareto Optimality
Used to evaluate efficiency in policy outcomes and assess trade-offs in resource allocation.
Relevance of Pareto Optimality
Tax reforms aiming to improve economic equity without reducing overall economic efficiency.
Example of Pareto Optimality
A policy is desirable if those benefiting from it could hypothetically compensate those disadvantaged and still remain better off.
Kaldor Criterion
Assists in evaluating policy efficiency and justifying redistributive policies.
Relevance of the Kaldor Criterion
Infrastructure projects that displace communities but generate greater economic benefits.
Example of the Kaldor Criterion
Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) emphasizing shared beliefs among actors across coalitions within a policy subsystem.
SCTP Framework
Explores how belief systems influence policymaking over time.
Relevance of the SCTP Framework
Environmental advocacy groups pushing for renewable energy policies.
Example of the SCTP Framework
Policies designed to improve the well-being of citizens, particularly the vulnerable.
Welfare Policy
Core to debates about government responsibility and social safety nets.
Relevance of Welfare Policy
Expansion of food stamp programs to address poverty.
Example of Welfare Policy
Government programs providing financial support to the elderly.
Old-Age Pensions
Essential in comparative studies of welfare state design and aging populations.
Relevance of Old-Age Pensions
The U.K.'s Basic State Pension system.
Example of Old-Age Pensions
Public insurance program offering economic support for retirement, disability, and survivorship.
Social Security
A critical component of welfare state sustainability.
Relevance of Social Security
The U.S. Social Security system provides monthly payments to retirees.
Example of Social Security
Government initiatives aimed at ensuring a basic income level, especially for vulnerable populations.
Income Maintenance Programs
Central to discussions on poverty alleviation and economic equity in public policy.
Relevance of Income Maintenance Programs
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in the U.S. provides income to elderly, blind, or disabled individuals.
Example of Income Maintenance Programs
Welfare is provided only when all other means, like family and market, fail. It is often minimal and temporary.
Residual Model (Welfare)
Highlights variations in welfare philosophy, especially in liberal welfare regimes.
Relevance of the Residual Model (Welfare)
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in the U.S. is designed to be a last resort.
Example of the Residual Model (Welfare)
Welfare as a universal right and integrated into the social and economic system, not just for those in need.
Institutional Model (Welfare)
Demonstrates how institutional frameworks shape policy approaches.
Relevance of the Institutional Model (Welfare)
Nordic countries offer universal child benefits and parental leave.
Example of the Institutional Model (Welfare)
Welfare designed to redistribute resources to achieve equity, integrating social justice goals.
Institutional Redistributive Model
Common in social democratic regimes where equality is a primary objective.
Relevance of the Institutional Redistributive Model
Finland's universal health care system ensures equitable access regardless of income.
Example of the Institutional Redistributive Model
A social insurance system tied to employment, funded by employer and employee contributions.
Bismarckian Model
Focuses on maintaining income levels and is prevalent in conservative welfare regimes.
Relevance of the Bismarckian Model
Germany's health insurance system is Bismarckian in design.
Example of the Bismarckian Model
A universal welfare model funded through general taxation, providing services based on need rather than contribution.
Beveridgean Model
Foundational in understanding welfare systems focused on universalism and equity.
Relevance of the Beveridgean Model
Understanding welfare systems focused on universalism and equity.
Foundational
The United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS).
Example of the Beveridgean Model
The extent to which individuals can maintain a livelihood independent of market participation.
Definition of Decommodification
Central to evaluating welfare states' impact on social and economic security.
Relevance of Decommodification
Sweden's generous parental leave policies enable economic independence from employment.
Example of Decommodification
Welfare systems emphasizing market solutions, minimal state intervention, and means-tested assistance.
Definition of Liberal Welfare Regimes
Provides a contrast to social democratic and conservative welfare regimes.
Relevance of Liberal Welfare Regimes
The U.S. welfare system, with programs like TANF, exemplifies this model.
Example of Liberal Welfare Regimes
Welfare systems focused on maintaining traditional social structures and income levels, often tied to employment and family.
Definition of Conservative Welfare Regimes
Reflects the interplay between social conservatism and welfare policy.
Relevance of Conservative Welfare Regimes
Germany's family-centric welfare policies encourage caregiving within households.
Example of Conservative Welfare Regimes
Welfare systems emphasizing universalism, equality, and extensive state intervention.
Definition of Social Democratic Welfare Regimes
Demonstrates the impact of political ideologies on policy design.
Relevance of Social Democratic Welfare Regimes
Denmark's universal child care and health care programs.
Example of Social Democratic Welfare Regimes
Suggests that policies supporting social welfare are limited by ethnic, racial, or cultural homogeneity.
Definition of the Chauvinist Hypothesis
Explains variations in welfare generosity across diverse versus homogenous societies.
Relevance of the Chauvinist Hypothesis
Nordic countries often cited as examples due to their historically homogenous populations.
Example of the Chauvinist Hypothesis
Proposes that globalization increases demand for social protection to compensate for economic uncertainties.
Definition of the Compensation Hypothesis
Connects global economic trends to domestic policy adjustments.
Relevance of the Compensation Hypothesis
European countries expanding welfare during globalization-induced economic disruptions.
Example of the Compensation Hypothesis
The concept that decision-makers operate under cognitive and informational limitations.
Definition of Bounded Rationality
Explains why policymakers rely on heuristics and incrementalism.
Relevance of Bounded Rationality
Policymakers simplifying climate change issues to manageable, short-term goals.
Example of Bounded Rationality
Accepting a decision that is 'good enough' rather than optimal due to constraints.
Satisficing
Reflects practical decision-making in complex policy environments.
Relevance of Satisficing
Approving partial funding for infrastructure when full funding is politically unfeasible.
Example of Satisficing
Policymaking through small, gradual changes rather than major overhauls.
Incrementalism
Highlights conservative approaches in public policy to manage risks.
Relevance of Incrementalism
Adjusting tax rates incrementally rather than implementing a comprehensive tax reform.
Example of Incrementalism
The theory that policy change occurs in sudden, dramatic shifts following long periods of stability.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Explains why major reforms often occur in response to crises or shifts in public opinion.
Relevance of Punctuated Equilibrium
U.S. health care reform after the financial crisis in 2008.
Example of Punctuated Equilibrium
Stable, mutually beneficial relationships between bureaucracies, legislators, and interest groups.
Iron Triangles
Explains the persistence of certain policy priorities.
Relevance of Iron Triangles
Defense spending in the U.S. influenced by Congress, defense contractors, and the Pentagon.
Example of Iron Triangles
A health care system that ensures all citizens have access to necessary medical services, typically funded by taxation.
Universal Health Care
Illustrates policy approaches aimed at equity and decommodification in health care provision.
Relevance of Universal Health Care
Canada's single-payer system provides universal coverage for essential health services.
Example of Universal Health Care
A health care system where coverage is primarily provided through private insurance plans, often employer-sponsored or purchased individually.
Privatized Health Insurance
Highlights the role of market forces in shaping access and affordability in health care systems.
Relevance of Privatized Health Insurance
The U.S. relies heavily on private health insurance for non-Medicare or Medicaid recipients.
Example of Privatized Health Insurance
A publicly funded and administered health care system providing comprehensive services to all residents.
National Health Service
Demonstrates a model of state responsibility for health care, emphasizing universal access.
Relevance of National Health Service
The United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS) provides free health care at the point of service.
Example of National Health Service
The principle that individuals should have the same starting conditions and access to opportunities, regardless of their background.
Equality of Opportunity
A core value in policies addressing education, employment, and social mobility.
Relevance of Equality of Opportunity
Affirmative action programs in education aim to level the playing field for historically marginalized groups.
Example of Equality of Opportunity
