+US HIST FINAL

13th Amendment

abolish slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

right to vote no matter race or color

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibition

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

21st Amendment

ended prohibition

Reconstruction

rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

carpet baggers

Northerners who went South for personal power and profit

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Freedmen's Bureau

government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves

Gilded Age

Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization

Robber Barons

People who'd built fortunes by swindling investors and taxpayers, and bribing officials

Captians of Industry

philantropists

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner .

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel.

Horizontal Integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a factory fire that killed 146 workers trapped in the building; led to new safety standard laws

political machine

a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage

Ellis Island

an immigration port on the east coast

Angel Island

immigration port on the west coast

Salad Bowl

different cultures living among another

Melting Pot

the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Gentelmens Agreement

Agreement that limited Japanese emigration to U.S.

Nativism

belief that Native Born Americans were superior to immigrants

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived

Capitalism

citizens, not governments, own and run companies

Socialism

economic and political system where the workers or the government own the buildings and tools that make goods and services like farms and factories

Samuel Gompers

president of the American Federation of Labor

Pendleton Act

 that Tfederal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that government employees be selected through competitive exams.

Muckraker

 a person who exposed the problems of the Gilded Age

Ida Tarbell

 attacked Rockefeller’s oil industry by writing about the corruption and bad business practices of the monopoly

Thomas Nast

 attacked Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall by using political cartoons to expose the corruption

Jacob A. Riis

 expose the problems with urbanization and poor living conditions in the city

Jane Addams 

person helped house the poor and needy immigrants in Settlement Houses and helped them find employment

Booker T. Washington

* Equal rights through economics
* Secretly fought against voter discrimination and segregation
* Prefered by White Americans as the key to racial peace
* Importance of Vocational Education

W.E.B DuBois

* Desired complete equality
* Advocated for liberal arts education over vocational
* Believed in publicly attacking discrimination through protests, lawsuits, editorials

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DeJure Segregation

Segregation written into law

DeFacto Segregation

Segregation based on how cultural differences

Plessy vs Ferguson

Court case held that state-mandated segregation laws did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NAACP founders

 W.E.B DuBois and Ida B Wells

Poll Tax

barrier to voting to prevent African Americans and the poor from voting

Jim Crow Laws

a set of laws in the South established after Reconstruction ended to keep segregation in place

Teddy Roosevelt

 he became a "trust buster"; he used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts that restrained interstate and foreign trade

Howard Taft

angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff (increased tax rates)

Woodrow Wilson

created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission

* Child labor laws, 8 hour work days
* African-Americans civil rights weren’t a priority
* Saw woman’s suffrage movement as a distraction to the war effort

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Four Motivations for US Imperialism

1.  Global Competiton
2.  Military Strength 
3.  The desire for new Markets 
4.  Cultural Superiority 

Social Darwinism

the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better.

 three causes of the Spanish American War

1. Yellow journalism 
2. To protect U.S. business interests in Cuba.
3. The Mysterious sinking of the USS Maine

Buffalo soldiers

 an all Black regiment in the Spanish American War

Emilio Anguinaldo

Filippino rebel leader that fought against Spanish rule and later U.S. rule.

Yellow Journalism

Style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts

Valeriano Weyler

Governor-General of the Philippines

Jose Marti

set up concentration camps in cuba

Teller Amendment

amendment to this declaration which declared that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom

Platt Amendment

reaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention

 MAIN causes of WWI

1. Militarism
2. Alliance
3. Imperialism 
4. Nationalism 

 War Industries Board

helped the U.S. prepare for World War I by increasing industrial production and coordinating the purchase of war materials by the Army and the Navy

The Committee on Public Information

roduced war propaganda meant to build support for World War I and demonize the German military.

“spark” of WWI

Assassination of Franz Duke Ferdinand.

four reasons the United States enters WWI

1. Zimmerman Tellegram  
2. Sinking of the Luisatania  
3.  German invasion of Belgium
4.  Reintroduction of unrestricted submarine warfare

Central Powers

germany,austria-hungary, bulgaria and the ottoman empire

Allied Powers

 france, great britain, russia , italy, romania, canada, japan, and the united states.

Selective Service Act

authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription.

Espionage and Sedition Act

to block the mailing of any letter, pamphlet or book seen as opposing or questioning America's military involvement in World War I

Great Migration

the relocation of more than 6 million Black Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from about 1916 to 1970

Red Scare

fears of communism spreading to us from the russian government being over thrown

Red Summer

An outbreak of racial violence

Lost Generation

the generation of writers, artists, musicians, and intellectuals that came of age during the First World War and the “Roaring Twenties.”

Roaring Twenties

Also known as the Jazz Age, the decade of the 1920s featured economic prosperity and carefree living for many.

Reactionary Twenties

a renewed surge of immigration led to a wave of nativism.

Jazz Age

the new style of music and the pleasure-seeking people who made it popular

Cultural Civil War

cultural conflict between social groups and the struggle for dominance of their values, beliefs, and practices.

Causes of prohibition

alcoholic violence and social issues involving mens actions under influence

Effects of prohibition

alcohol taxes drop, rise in crimes and gangs