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Excretion
Waste removal process known as excretion.
Waste Products of Excretion
Includes carbon dioxide (from cellular respiration) and urea (from protein metabolism).
Lungs
Excrete carbon dioxide.
Kidneys
Main excretory organs that excrete urea.
Primary Role of Kidneys
Remove urea, water, and other unwanted substances from the blood.
Renal Artery
Carries 'dirty' blood (contains waste) to the kidneys.
Renal Vein
Carries 'clean' blood away from the kidneys.
Ureters
Tubes carrying urine to the bladder.
Bladder
Stores urine until disposal.
Urethra
Tube that carries urine out of the body.
Sphincter
A ring of muscle which keeps the bladder closed until you go to the toilet.
Nephrons
Over a million tiny tubes in kidneys that filter blood.
Glomerulus
Cup-shaped structure in nephron where 'dirty' blood is filtered.
Selective Reabsorption
The process where useful substances like glucose and water are reabsorbed back into the blood.
Urine Composition
Urine consists of urea and water.
Stages of Digestion
Includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and defecation.
Carbohydrase
Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates (starch -> glucose).
Lipase
Enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Protease
Enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Absorption in Small Intestine
Takes place primarily through villi, which increase surface area for nutrient uptake.
Functions of the Liver
Includes chemical factory, food store, glucose storage, and converting excess amino acids into urea.
Bile
Produced by the liver and needed for digestion.
Fibrinogen
A protein made by the liver that is needed for blood to clot in wounds.
