Circulation unit Exam

Function of the transport system

transport gases

transport nutrients → sugars (glucose), proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals

transport of fatty acids

hydration- transport of water

transport components of the immune system

transport of cells

wastes

distribution of heat

percentage of plasma and cellular elements in blood

55% and 45%

constituents of plasma

water, salts, plasma proteins, what’s being transported

functions of water in plasma

solvent

functions of salts in plasma and examples of types

osmosis balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability

sodium, potassium, calcium

Cell types in blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

of erythrocytes in mm3 of blood

5-6 million

#of leukocytes in mm3 of blood

5,000-10,000

#of platelets in mm3 of blood

250,000-400,000

Erythrocytes- what, functions

red blood cells, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

plasma- what, purpose

aqueous solvent, transport hormones, urea, dissolved proteins, antibodies, gases and wastes

another name for platelets

thrombocytes

thrombocytes purpose

blood clotting → wound healing

mammals have a single/double circulatory system

double

Space where blood flows through in blood vessels

lumen

lumen in arteries vs veins (wide/narrow)

arteries- narrow

veins- wide

tunica intima, media, externa, what?

intima- smooth inner lining

media- smooth muscle and elastic fibers

externa- tough outer layer of connective tissue and collagen fibres

how do arteries push blood

• artery wall pushed outwards → widens lumen

• walls recoil with potential energy and push the blood

capillaries function

exchange of gases

how thick capilaries

one cell thick

what filters substances in membranes

basement membrane and pores

basement membrane vs pores in capillaries

bm- gel like, for bigger particles (ex. blood cells large proteins)

pores- plasma with nutrients

why is there no pulse in veins

blood is always flowing

what arteries branch off from the aorta

coronary arteries

what happens when coronary arteries are blocked

deposits of fat build up → restrict blood flow, pain in the chest, thrombosis → heart attack

another word for blockage

occlusion

what can cause occlusion in coronary arteries

unhealthy life style- smoking, lack of physical activity, stress, unhealthy diet, alcohol

genetics

whats in plasma

water, glucose, amino acids, sodium, vitamins, hormones, proteins, blood cells

where does excess tissue fluid go? why important?

lymphatic system, can cause swelling without it (oedema)

do lymphatic vessels have valves

yes

roles of the lymphatic system

lacteals- carry fat molecules from digestive system to circulatory system

recaptures plasma that leaked from the capillaries to prevent swelling

produces white blood cells (lymphocytes)

what is lymph

leaked plasma

what are lymph nodes (+ examples)

structures located along the system with lots for wbc that clean the lymph of any pathogens; tonsils, adenoids, spleen

what is the spleen

largest lymph node that produces wbc and stores blood for an emergency

1st line of defense

physical barriers- skin, mucus, cilia, tears, earwax

what can penetrate the skin

mosquitoes, ticks, crabs

what are cilia

tiny hairs that sweep foreign substances away

what is the 2nd line of defence

wbc release histamines → vasodilation (lots of blood to infection site

why is lots of blood good to have at an infection site

may flush out pathogens

platelets for clotting

wbc for fighting

what is the 3rd line of defence

cell mediated immunity

what cells are involved in the cell mediated immunity

macrophages, B cells, T cells

where do B cells mature

bone marrow

where do T cells mature

thymus gland

type of T cells

Helper, killer, suppressor, memory

1st step when the body is under attack

macrophages eat the pathogen and display antigen on their surface

2nd step when body is under attack

helper T cells spot the antigen and signal for other T and b cells to come

3rd step when body is under attack

b cells produce antibodies (weapon, Y) and mark everything with the antigen

4th step when body is under attack

killer T cells puncture holes in the tagged cells

5th step when body is under attack

suppressor T cells signal the invation is over → cells stop

6th step when body is under attack

memory T cells take a record and match the pathogen to the antibody for future references

Thrombosis

blood clot

embolism

floating clot → could lodge somewhere

Ischemia

tissue dying due to lock of O2

angina

heart pain

aneurism

bulging artery

autoimmune disorders (+ examples)

immune systems sees body cells as foreign and attacks them

allergies, MS, crones disease

hemophilia

clotting disorder → affects platelets

anemia

low iron → low RBC → low O2 = tired/dizzy

mononucleosis

Epstein Barr virus

lymph nodes swell → can rupture → internal bleeding

HIV

immunodeficiency virus

attacks helper T cells → nothing is flagged as foreign/misses intruders