B5 - Health, disease and the development of medicines

Health

A state of total physical, mental and social well-being

Disease

A problem with a structure of system in the body that is not due to an injury

Correlation

Connection or relationship between two or more things

Causation

The fact that one variable causes another to happen

Pathogen

A microorganism that causes a disease

Communicable

A disease caused by pathogens which can be passed on and caught

Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency causing thinning of hair, loss of muscle mass and a swollen stomach

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency (citrus fruits, broccoli) causing gum disease and muscle weakness

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency (sunlight, dairy, liver) causing curved leg bones

Anaemia

Iron deficiency (red meat, egg yolk, liver, leafy green veg) causing pale skin

Cirrhosis

Liver disease caused from too much alcohol consumption

Genetic disorder

Health problem caused by abnormalities of the genome

Obesity

BMI of 30 or more

Cardiovascular disease

A class of diseases of the heart and blood vessels

BMI

Body Mass Index = weight(kg)/(height(m))²

Heart attack

Blockage in coronary artery stops heart muscle getting oxygen, that part of the heart cannot respire

Angina

Incomplete blockage, lack of oxygen to the heart. Causes pain

Waist:hip

Waist measurement/hip measurement

Stroke

When blood flow to part of the brain is cut off

Stent

Wire mesh and balloon inserted into blood vessel to open it up

Statin

Drug that decreases cholesterol levels in the blood

Cholera

Bacterial disease, causing diarrhoea. Occurs when drinking water is mixed with human waste

TB

Bacterial disease which infects the lungs. Spread by coughs and sneezes and can cause lung damage

Chalara ash dieback

Fungal disease of ash trees causing lesions and leaf loss

Malaria

Disease caused by protist, which damages red blood cells and liver cells

Ebola

Viral disease causing the breakdown of liver and kidney cells leading to internal bleeding and fever

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Ulcer

Area where bacteria attacks the stomach lining

Epidemic

Sudden disease outbreak affecting many people in a region

Pandemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease

Lytic pathway

Many copies of the virus's genetic material are made separate from the cell's genetic material

Lysogenic pathway

The virus's genetic material is inserted into the cell's genetic material and copied at the same time

Aseptic technique

Using practices to prevent contamination when culturing microbes in the lab

Autoclave

A high pressure and temperature machine to kill microorganisms

Cuticle

Layer of wax to make the leaf tougher to eat and more difficult for pathogens to enter it

Bark

Extra thick layer that helps protect the trunk form extreme weathers

Chemical plant defences

When chemicals are produced by plants to harm predators

Yield

Size and quantity of crop produced

Distribution analysis

The use of drones and cameras to look at the distribution of crops in a field to spot patterns

Lesions

Damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism

Diagnosis

Determining what the disease is

Lysozyme

Anti microbial enzyme produced by plants

Mucus

Contains antibodies and enzymes to trap and kill bacteria

Ciliated cells

Move mucus across surfaces to stop pathogens

STI

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Chlamydia

Bacterial infection spread through sexual fluids

Lymphocyte

Immune cell which produces antibodies

Antibody

Protein specific to an antigen produced on the cell of a lymphocyte

Antigen

On the surface of a pathogen, causes the immune system to produce antibodies

Memory lymphocyte

A lymphocyte which recognises an antigen because it has come across it before

Secondary response

The immune response which occurs at a second exposure to an antigen

Immune

When you are protected from a particular disease or illness

Immunisation

A process when a person is protected against a disease through vaccination

Herd immunity

When the vaccination of a significant amount of the population provide protection for those who are not immune

Antibiotic

A drug which kills bacteria

Resistance

When bacteria develop the ability to defeat antibiotics

Pre-clinical trial

Drug is tested on cells and then animals to test side effects

Clinical trial

Trial of drug carried out on healthy human volunteers

Placebo

An inactive drug given as a control in clinical tests

Dosage

The size or frequency of a dose of a medicine or drug

Efficacy

How effective a drug or medicine is

Monoclonal antibody

Specific for one particular antigen, identical copies of one type of antibody

Hybridoma cell

A cell which can both divide and make antibodies

PET scanner

A scan producing a 3D image of the inside of the body