unit 1 china, europe, islam apwh

how did rulers of the song dynasty CULTURALLY maintain and justify their rule?

1. neo-confucianism (filial piety)
   2. marginalizatino of women (foot binding in elite women) to show status to their husbands

how did song rulers BROADLY and ECONOMICALLY maintain and justify their rule ?

1. commercialization 2. iron and steel production 3. innovations in transportation and agriculture

how did song rulers SPECIFICALLY maintain and justify their rule ECONOMICALLY?

1. produced more goods (porcelain and silk) for profit, moved m ore toward paper money
   2. iron and steel created armor coins, agricultural tools)
   3. introduction to champa rice, drought resistance and could be harvested twice
   4. technological innovations included the expansion of the grand canal,invention of the magnetic compass, innovation on large junk ships which all allowed for easier sea nagivation inducing efficient trade

how did different branches of Buddhism emerge as it spread throughout east Asia

thervada buddhism (prominent in Sri Lanka) followed a monastic lifestyle while Mahayana Buddhism (prominent as it spread east included the help of boddhistavas to provide everyone with enlightenment) zen Buddhism emerged in Japan emphasizing meditation

one example of how song China influenced neighboring states

in korea, they adopted Confucian ideals and a similar service exam. a tributary relationship was also developed to maintain friendly relations between the two. they also further marginalized women

how did rulers of the song dynasty POLITICALLY maintain and justify their rule?

developed their Beaurocracry exponentially to carry out the will of the emperor, using a civil service exam highly based upon Confucian ideals to ensure the best men got the job, increasing efficiency in beaurocractic works

how did Europe begin politically changing in this time period?

power began to shift from the hands of the nobility to the monarch, introducing centralized power with significant increase in beurocracies and militaries and fostering later competition and rivalry between the two groups for influence and territory

how was Islam an important minority religion in Europe during this time

muslims that invaded the Iberian peninsula eventually gained control over the region during this time period allowing for Islamic influence in Europe

what are some examples of intellectual innovations in dar-al-islam

the house of wisdom in baghdad, abbasid caliphate, during the golden age of Islam housed many Islamic scholars that facilitated the translation and preservation of ancient texts, including Greek and Roman philosophies and morals, leading to the influence of the eventual Renaissance in Europe.

why is Nasir al din al tusi significant for intellectual innovations in dar-al-islam?

the Persian scholar made significant innovations to mathmatics and astrology, including the innovation of algebra and trigonometry.

how did Islam rapidly expand in dar-al islam?

1. military expansion (ex. the empires)
   2. Muslim missionaries (sufis)
   3. most importantly, Merchant activities (ex. Mali)

how did new turkick Muslim states display continuity to their Arab counterparts?

turkick muslim rulers still emphasized the authoritative role of the military maintaining administrative positions and kept the consistency of Islam and sharia law as the foundation of their states.

what were the 3 new Islamic empires emerging in 1200-1450? why were they different than previous empires?

1. the Delhi sultanate in India
   2. the mamluk caliphate in egpyt
   3. the seljuk Turks who all established their new empires in the name of a turkick ethnic origin, contrasting to the previous Arab rulers of those states.

what were the three major monothestic religions of dar-al-islam? how did they affect societies?

1. judaism, which set the foundation for other monotheistic religions to grow
   2. Christianity, which united western societies profoundly after being adopted by the Roman emperor Constantine
   3. Islam, for the effects of the expansion of trade throughout everywhere Islam was practiced

describe Europe in 1200-1450. how did the east differ from the west after the fall of the Roman empire? what happened after the eastern Roman empire finally fell?

The West was marked by political fragmentation and the rise of decentralized power centers, adopting Catholicism, while the East evolved into the Byzantine Empire, which maintained centralized authority through Eastern Orthodox Christianity. after the byanztine empires capital, Constantinople, was sacked by the ottomans, the Kievan rus became the main embodiment of eastern orthodox Christianity and adopted many of the religious infastructure that the Byzantines previously held to organize their state.

what was the effect of political decentralization in western Europe?

no large empires in Europe at this time. fragmented city states organized in feudalism (alliangence systems where land in exchanged for loyalty) and also influenced the development inmanorialism/serfdom in which peasant were bound to the land.