SPHHS 150 Exam 1

public health

public health

science and art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of health lifestyles and research of disease and injury prevention

medicine vs public health

medicine- individual, diagnosis through testing, treatment through medical services, goal is to cure
public health- patient is community, diagnosis through public health services, treatment through policies and intervention, goal is to prevent disease and death

3 core functions

assessment, policy development and assurance

5 disciplines

epidemiology, biostats, policy and management, environmental health sciences, community health education

epidemiology

study of patterns, trends and causes related to a disease, examines epidemics, aims to control the spread of a disease, seeks to understands causes and health outcomes and how to limit exposure

biostats

sciences and interpretation of data, development and application of statistical models, tell stories of populations using data

environmental health studies

how the environment affects human health

community health education

behavior seen as leading concern of factors that affect health, how environment and social contexts which people live affect behavior, achieving health equity

health policy and management

considers the role of medical care in public health, healthcare economics, policies and health

Public health system

all private, public and volunteer entities that contribute to the essential public health services within a jurisdiction

assessment

assess and monitor population health- identify health risks in a community, collect and use vital statistics, identify assets and resources, interpret and communicate data, maintain population health registries
investigate, diagnose and address health problems and hazards affecting a community- timely identification and investigation of health threats, create and use response plans

policy development

communication effectively to inform and educate people about factors that influence their health and how to improve it- health education, media and plans
strength, support and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health
create, champion and implement policies, plans and laws that impact health
utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect community health

assurance

assure and effective system that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy
build and support a diverse and skilled public health system
improve and initiate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement
build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health

Health protection BCE- 1830s

- early societies implemented elements of protection
- prohibition of certain foods, alcohol and quarantine
- village of eyam- plague of london fleas, quarantined to prevent spread

John Graunt

- considered first epidemiologist

Hygiene movement 1840-1870

- public health awareness emerges in london
- Edwin Chadwick- promoted child labor laws, and sanitary conditions of workers
- John Snow and cholera- proposed hypothesis, tested it, had evidence and argued for intervention
- Dorathea Dix- advocate for mentally ill

Contagion Control 1880-1940

- Louis Pasteur revolutionized how we understand disease and public health
- contributions of bacteria and diagnostic testing
- Margaret Sanger- birth control clinic
- Charles Richard Drew- developed technology for blood storage and transfusions

Healthcare delivery 1950-1980

- after WW11 focus on medical interventions
- filling holes in healthcare system
- Medicare and Medicaid
- assisting physicians
- Nancy Miriam Hawley- Our Bodies, Ourselves, advocate for women's health

Health promotion and disease prevention 1980-1990

- focus on individual health
- behavioral change strategies
- Selma Kaderman Dritz- used epidemiology to track AIDS

Population health 1990-2000

- global perspective and need to address international health issues
- One health- connection between human, animal and ecosystem health
- climate change

Disinformation stage current

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus- WHO director

evidence

- knowledge from communities, information systems used systematically, frameworks to integrate information, peer-reviewed studies

Dunning-Kruger Effect

The tendency for unskilled individuals to overestimate their own ability and the tendency for experts to underestimate their own ability.

Problem

- describe the condition/ disease
- understand the morbidity- affected
- understand mortality- deaths
- course of disease
- distribution of disease

Disease incidence

how many new cases of a disease are reported in a given place during a specified time frame

disease prevalence

how many total cases in population

Etiology

- risk factors and can they be modified
- markers of the disease
- contributory cases

PERIE

Problem
Etiology
Recommendations
Implementation
Evaluation

Level One of Prevention

- programs targeted towards entire population to provide and educate before issues
- seatbelts

Second level of prevention

- programs to alleviate problems and prevent escalation
- HIV screening

level three of prevention

- provide treatment for those affected
- physical therapy after a fall

ethics

frameworks by which individuals/groups can make informed decisions, logical and reasoning not feelings

ethics frameworks

Determine the goal of the proposed action
Identify the relevant facts
Analyze the effects and implications of the proposed action on affected individuals and communities
Analyze how the proposed actions fit into the core public health values

ethical values

professionalism, health justice and equity, interdependence, humans' rights and civil liberties, inclusivity and engagement, prevent minimize and mitigate health harms

social determinants of health

are conditions in the environment in which people born live, work, learn, play, worship and age that affect a wide range of health functions and quality of life outcomes and risks

examples of social determinants of health

-built neighborhood and environment
- social and community context
- education
- economic stability
- health and healthcare

disparity

inequality; difference
- emerges when groups of people have more access to opportunities overtime

equality

the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society
- does not mean equitable

equity

distributing resource proportional to need to achieve a fair outcome