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Goodness of fit
Concerned with fitting child rearing to needs of individual child
Empiricist View
Belief that knowledge is gained through experience and observation
Wrote about periods of childhood development
Aristotle
Plato
Greek philosopher who believed in self-control and discipline in child rearing, Nativits view
Nativist View
Belief that certain abilities and characteristics are innate
Medieval Period
Time period that belived in preformativism and viewed kids as mini-adults
Preformationism
Belief that humans are preformed at instant creation and only grow in size
Antidepressent Effects
Can help reduce postpartum depression
Inconclusive if its bad for fetus
Reformation Period
The era of the puritan doctrine, strict parenting, and the belief children are tainted with evil
Puritan Doctrine
Belief system of the Puritans, emphasizing strict discipline and control
Enlightenment Period
John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Enlightenment philosopher who believed in the nurture view of child development
Tabula Rasa
The concept of the mind as a blank slate at birth
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Enlightenment philosopher who believed in the innate goodness of children
Nature View
Belief that development is primarily influenced by genetics and innate characteristics
Industrial Revolution Period
A period of social reform
Working condition for kids
First Labor Laws
First Child Studies
Social Reform
Efforts to improve social conditions and address social issues
Prussia 1839
Introduction of child studies in Prussia in 1839
Britain's Factory Act 1839
Legislation in Britain to regulate working conditions for children
Earl of Shaftesbury
British politician and social reformer who advocated for child labor laws
Charles Darwin
English naturalist and scientist who developed the theory of evolution
Theory of Evolution
Darwin's theory that species evolve over time through natural selection
Nature and Nurture
The interaction between genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture)
Epigenetics
The study of stable changes in gene expression mediated by the environment
Methylation
A biochemical process that reduces gene expression and regulates reactions to stress
Continuity and Discontinuity
The debate between gradual and sudden changes in development
Stage theories
The idea that development occurs in distinct age-related stages
Conservation of Liquid Example
An example used to illustrate discontinuous development
Mechanisms of Development
Mediators and moderators that influence development
Sociocultural Context
The influence of culture and social factors on development
Scientific Method
A systematic approach to research that involves hypothesis testing and data analysis
Reliability
Consistency and accuracy of research findings
Validity
The extent to which research measures what it intends to measure
Research Methods
Different approaches used to collect data in research studies
Clinical Interviews
Flexible interviews to obtain participants' thoughts and experiences
Structured Interviews and Questionnaires
Self-report instruments with standardized questions
Naturalistic Observation
Observing behavior in natural settings
Structured Observation
Observing behavior in controlled laboratory settings
Correlation Design
Examining the relationship between two variables
Experimental Design
Studying cause and effect relationships through manipulation of variables
Developmental Research Designs
Different approaches to studying development over time
Conception
The process of fertilization and the beginning of pregnancy
Epigenesis
The emergence of new structures and functions during development
Gametes
Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) with half the genetic material
Meiosis
Cell division that produces gametes with 23 chromosomes from each parent
Zygote
Fertilized egg cell with 46 chromosomes
Germinal Period
The first two weeks of prenatal development
Blastocyst
A structure formed during the germinal period with inner mass and trophoblast
Neural Tube
A structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord
Embryonic Period
The period from 2 to 8 weeks of prenatal development
Mitosis
Cell division that leads to growth and development
Cell migration
The movement of newly formed cells away from their point of origin
Cell differentiation
The process by which cells become specialized
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Hormonal Influences
The role of hormones in prenatal development
Cephalocaudal Development
Development from head to tail
Fetal Period
The period from 9 weeks until birth
Vernix
A white, creamy film covering the skin of the fetus
What APGAR score does strong arm/leg movement fall under?
2 for the Activity portion of APGAR
Respiration
The process of breathing, including inhalation and exhalation.
What APGAR score does no breathing for 60 seconds
It is a 0 under the respiration portion of APGAR
What APGAR score does Irregular shallow breathing?
It is a 1 on the respirtation portion of the APGAR scale.
What APGAR score is Strong breathing and crying?
It is a 2 on the respirtation portion of the APGAR scale.
Predictive ability
The ability to predict or anticipate future outcomes or events.
State of Arousal
The level of alertness or engagement, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.
Quiet Sleep
A state of sleep characterized by minimal movement and low levels of brain activity.
Active Sleep
A state of sleep characterized by increased movement and brain activity.
Alert Awake
A state of wakefulness characterized by high levels of alertness and engagement.
Active Awake
A state of wakefulness characterized by high levels of activity and engagement.
Drowsing
A state of sleepiness or drowsiness.
Crying
The act of producing a loud, vocal sound often associated with distress or discomfort.
Sleeping
The state of being asleep, characterized by reduced consciousness and bodily activity.
True or False: Newborns sleep twice as much as adults
True
REM vs Non-REM sleep
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by quick, jerky eye movements and increased brain activity, while non-REM sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by slower brain waves, breathing, and heart rate.
Graduated Extinction
A technique in which parents gradually increase their delays in responding to their infant's crying.
Extinction
A technique in which a baby is put in their crib fully awake and allowed to fuss or cry until they fall asleep without help from the parent.
Why do infants cry?
Infants cry as a means of communication, to express hunger, respond to temperature changes, noise, or pain.
Adult responsiveness
The degree to which adults respond to an infant's cries or needs.
Adult responsiveness to crying babies from the brain causes
Physiological arousal and psychological discomfort
Effects on the periacueductal grey of the midbrain
Crying because it is involved in the regulation of pain and emotional responses.
What are the steps to respond to an infant crying?
1st Feeding
2nd rocking, swaddling, using a pacifier, gentle rhythmic motion, and massage
3rd leave them to cry it out
Parental Responsiveness
The way in which parents respond to their infant's needs and cues.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual, including inherited genetic material.
Phenotype
The observable expression of an individual's genotype, including both physical characteristics and behavior.
Chromosomes
Long threadlike molecules made up of two twisted strands of DNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The carrier of all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism.
Genes
The basic unit of heredity in all living organisms.
Alleles
Two or more different forms of a gene.
Homozygous
Having two copies of the same allele, either dominant or recessive.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles, one dominant and the other recessive.
Regulator Genes
Genes that control the activity of other genes, turning them on or off.
Patterns of Inheritance
The transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring.
Dominant Recessive
A pattern of inheritance in which the influence of only one allele is seen in the heterozygous condition.
Carriers
Heterozygous individuals who can pass recessive traits to their offspring.
Recessive Gene Disorders
Genetic disorders that occur when an individual inherits two copies of a recessive allele.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A recessive gene disorder that impairs the ability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to impaired brain development and intellectual disabilities.
X-Linked
A recessive gene carried on the X chromosome, more likely to affect males.
Codominance
A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles in a heterozygous combination are expressed.
Mutation
A sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment.
Note 
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