Psych 201 - Exam 1 Flashcards

Goodness of fit

Goodness of fit

Concerned with fitting child rearing to needs of individual child

Empiricist View

Belief that knowledge is gained through experience and observation

Wrote about periods of childhood development

Aristotle

Plato

Greek philosopher who believed in self-control and discipline in child rearing, Nativits view

Nativist View

Belief that certain abilities and characteristics are innate

Medieval Period

Time period that belived in preformativism and viewed kids as mini-adults

Preformationism

Belief that humans are preformed at instant creation and only grow in size

Antidepressent Effects

Can help reduce postpartum depression

Inconclusive if its bad for fetus

Reformation Period

The era of the puritan doctrine, strict parenting, and the belief children are tainted with evil

Puritan Doctrine

Belief system of the Puritans, emphasizing strict discipline and control

Enlightenment Period

John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who believed in the nurture view of child development

Tabula Rasa

The concept of the mind as a blank slate at birth

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment philosopher who believed in the innate goodness of children

Nature View

Belief that development is primarily influenced by genetics and innate characteristics

Industrial Revolution Period

A period of social reform

• Working condition for kids

• First Labor Laws

• First Child Studies

Social Reform

Efforts to improve social conditions and address social issues

Prussia 1839

Introduction of child studies in Prussia in 1839

Britain's Factory Act 1839

Legislation in Britain to regulate working conditions for children

Earl of Shaftesbury

British politician and social reformer who advocated for child labor laws

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and scientist who developed the theory of evolution

Theory of Evolution

Darwin's theory that species evolve over time through natural selection

Nature and Nurture

The interaction between genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture)

Epigenetics

The study of stable changes in gene expression mediated by the environment

Methylation

A biochemical process that reduces gene expression and regulates reactions to stress

Continuity and Discontinuity

The debate between gradual and sudden changes in development

Stage theories

The idea that development occurs in distinct age-related stages

Conservation of Liquid Example

An example used to illustrate discontinuous development

Mechanisms of Development

Mediators and moderators that influence development

Sociocultural Context

The influence of culture and social factors on development

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to research that involves hypothesis testing and data analysis

Reliability

Consistency and accuracy of research findings

Validity

The extent to which research measures what it intends to measure

Research Methods

Different approaches used to collect data in research studies

Clinical Interviews

Flexible interviews to obtain participants' thoughts and experiences

Structured Interviews and Questionnaires

Self-report instruments with standardized questions

Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in natural settings

Structured Observation

Observing behavior in controlled laboratory settings

Correlation Design

Examining the relationship between two variables

Experimental Design

Studying cause and effect relationships through manipulation of variables

Developmental Research Designs

Different approaches to studying development over time

Conception

The process of fertilization and the beginning of pregnancy

Epigenesis

The emergence of new structures and functions during development

Gametes

Reproductive cells (egg and sperm) with half the genetic material

Meiosis

Cell division that produces gametes with 23 chromosomes from each parent

Zygote

Fertilized egg cell with 46 chromosomes

Germinal Period

The first two weeks of prenatal development

Blastocyst

A structure formed during the germinal period with inner mass and trophoblast

Neural Tube

A structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord

Embryonic Period

The period from 2 to 8 weeks of prenatal development

Mitosis

Cell division that leads to growth and development

Cell migration

The movement of newly formed cells away from their point of origin

Cell differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Hormonal Influences

The role of hormones in prenatal development

Cephalocaudal Development

Development from head to tail

Fetal Period

The period from 9 weeks until birth

Vernix

A white, creamy film covering the skin of the fetus

What APGAR score does strong arm/leg movement fall under?

2 for the Activity portion of APGAR

Respiration

The process of breathing, including inhalation and exhalation.

What APGAR score does no breathing for 60 seconds

It is a 0 under the respiration portion of APGAR

What APGAR score does Irregular shallow breathing?

It is a 1 on the respirtation portion of the APGAR scale.

What APGAR score is Strong breathing and crying?

It is a 2 on the respirtation portion of the APGAR scale.

Predictive ability

The ability to predict or anticipate future outcomes or events.

State of Arousal

The level of alertness or engagement, ranging from deep sleep to intense activity.

Quiet Sleep

A state of sleep characterized by minimal movement and low levels of brain activity.

Active Sleep

A state of sleep characterized by increased movement and brain activity.

Alert Awake

A state of wakefulness characterized by high levels of alertness and engagement.

Active Awake

A state of wakefulness characterized by high levels of activity and engagement.

Drowsing

A state of sleepiness or drowsiness.

Crying

The act of producing a loud, vocal sound often associated with distress or discomfort.

Sleeping

The state of being asleep, characterized by reduced consciousness and bodily activity.

True or False: Newborns sleep twice as much as adults

True

REM vs Non-REM sleep

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by quick, jerky eye movements and increased brain activity, while non-REM sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by slower brain waves, breathing, and heart rate.

Graduated Extinction

A technique in which parents gradually increase their delays in responding to their infant's crying.

Extinction

A technique in which a baby is put in their crib fully awake and allowed to fuss or cry until they fall asleep without help from the parent.

Why do infants cry?

Infants cry as a means of communication, to express hunger, respond to temperature changes, noise, or pain.

Adult responsiveness

The degree to which adults respond to an infant's cries or needs.

Adult responsiveness to crying babies from the brain causes

Physiological arousal and psychological discomfort

Effects on the periacueductal grey of the midbrain

Crying because it is involved in the regulation of pain and emotional responses.

What are the steps to respond to an infant crying?

1st Feeding

2nd rocking, swaddling, using a pacifier, gentle rhythmic motion, and massage

3rd leave them to cry it out

Parental Responsiveness

The way in which parents respond to their infant's needs and cues.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, including inherited genetic material.

Phenotype

The observable expression of an individual's genotype, including both physical characteristics and behavior.

Chromosomes

Long threadlike molecules made up of two twisted strands of DNA.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

The carrier of all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism.

Genes

The basic unit of heredity in all living organisms.

Alleles

Two or more different forms of a gene.

Homozygous

Having two copies of the same allele, either dominant or recessive.

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles, one dominant and the other recessive.

Regulator Genes

Genes that control the activity of other genes, turning them on or off.

Patterns of Inheritance

The transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring.

Dominant Recessive

A pattern of inheritance in which the influence of only one allele is seen in the heterozygous condition.

Carriers

Heterozygous individuals who can pass recessive traits to their offspring.

Recessive Gene Disorders

Genetic disorders that occur when an individual inherits two copies of a recessive allele.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A recessive gene disorder that impairs the ability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to impaired brain development and intellectual disabilities.

X-Linked

A recessive gene carried on the X chromosome, more likely to affect males.

Codominance

A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles in a heterozygous combination are expressed.

Mutation

A sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment.