AP Euro 6

Age of Isms

What was the Congress of Vienna?

a major European diplomatic conference that reorganized Europe after Napoleon's defeat, aiming to restore stability, create a balance of power, and suppress revolutionary ideas by redrawing borders, restoring monarchies, and establishing a conservative order through the Concert of Europe, influencing international relations for decades. 

What Europe needs

1815

Leaders of Europe want to create a balance of power in Europe

No Domination by by one country

Restore monarchs to thrones

Redraw European boundaries

Peace and prosperity in Europe forever!

Congress of Europe

Countries making the big decisions in Vienna

Russia-Tsar Alexander I

Prussia -King Frederick III

France - Charles Maurice

Austria(Host) Klemence Von Meternick

Britain - Viscount Castelreagh

Key Principles Established at the congress of Vienna

Balance of Power- no one nation can dominate

Legitimacy- back to Monarchs

Compensation- for countries that were dominated by Napoleon

Changes made at Congress of Vienna

France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon/ owed reparations

Russia was given Warsaw (Poland)

Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland and other German Territories

Austria was given back territory lost to Napoleon, plus more in Germany and Italy

Britain was given Cape Colony (Cape Town), South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia

Who gained Who was the loser

Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain gained significant territory and influence, restoring monarchies and establishing a balance of power, while France lost its Napoleonic conquests, and Poland, Italy, and the German states were largely losers, fragmented and subject to control by larger powers

Problems with the conservative Bourbon monarchy

Charles X 1824-1830 (Last Bourbon)

Censorship on Press; no legislative assembly, no rights

Liberal reaction: July revolution 1830 provisional government formed

Enacted Constitutional Monarchy

Put Charles cousin Louis Phillipe in power

July 1830 Revolution and Louis Phillipe

“Bourgeois” Monarch

favored upper middle class

No universal suffrage

Lower classes suffered - especially the inustrial workers

Tough economic times

Bad working and living conditions

Revolution of 1848

No Monarch

New Constitution

Universal manhood sufferage

Lower classes suffered esp the industrial workers

Rise of Napoleon III

Elected President for 3 years 75% of the vote took over using military France became an empire for the 2nd time

Policies: Economic prosperity and male suffrage

Role of the Franco Prussian War

France pushed into war by Otto Van Bismarck prime minister of Prussia

Napoleon started it to try and shift the balance of power to his favor (aka non conservative)

No match for Prussian army He was captured by the Prussians

Results: 2nd French Empire collapses

Giuseppe Manzzini

Founded Young Italy in 1831 to promote Italian nationalism and republican unity

Believed monarchs should be achieved by the people, not the monarchs

Helped organize uprisings against Austrian and conservative rule

Though his revolts failed, his ideas inspired leaders like Garibaldi and later success

Kingdom of Piedmont Role

Political Stability

Most powerful, industrialized and politically liberal Italian state Politically and economically stable, making it a natural leader for the unification

Strong Military

Provoked Austria and successfully mobilized forces, unifying Northern Italian states under its banner

Smart Diplomacy

Constitutional monarchy, attracting liberals and nationalists Cavour used diplomacy to ally with France challenging Austria dominance in northern Italy, leading to the decisive victories in 1959

Camilo Cavour

Liberal minded nobel man who made money in agriculture, banking, railroads and shipping

He favored a constitutional Government

Domestic improvements he made were road building, railroads, stimulating investment in new industries and fostering enterprise by expanding credit

Made the alliance with France

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Believed in Democratic Republican

He fully supported Mazzini and his republic ideas and young Italy

He raised a army of 1000 volunteers named the Red Shirts

Was nicknamed “Hero of Two Worlds” earned from his exploits in South America and Italy

Him and his red shirts invaded the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily in 1860

Following the invasions, Giuseppe and his red shirts were going to invade Rome but Cavour convinced him otherwise

Cavour then retired to the farmlands

Territory invaded

The invasion conquered what is modern Sicily and mainland Southern Italy It was a volunteer invasion to overthrow the Bourbon Kingdom with support This lead to annexation by Piedmont-Sardinia, and paved the way for the Kingdom of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II in 1861

Austria was main foreign power blocking Italian unification

Italian Unification

In 1861, Italy was finally unified under King Victor Emmanuel II .The Garibaldi’s expedition of the Thousand conquering the south, which united with the north. The Kingdom of Italy was established March 17 1861. In 1870 King Victor Emmanuel II captured Rome from the papal states. They breached the Aurelian Walls in Porta Pia on Dec 20 1870 This finalized the unification of Italy and made Rome the new capital in 1871

Realpolitik

a moderate who only waged war only when all other diplomatic alternatives have been exhausted 

Otto Van Bismarck

• Born into the junker class, the traditional, landowning aristocracy of Prussia (remained loyal to the established Prussian order throughout his life). 

• He views liberalism as a threat to the established hierarchical order and state power.

• His primary goal was the preservation and expansion of Prussian strength, treating German unification as a means to guarantee that power rather than as a liberal ideal.

• Wrote the philosophy of realpolitik: a moderate who waged war only when all other diplomatic alternatives had been exhausted.

Revolutions of 1848

• The revolution was mostly a failure, it failed to unify Germany under one crown while also causing large death tolls through the Austrians and Prussians force with stomping out the rebellions. 

• They did still lead to the ending of serfdom in the following years.

• The revolutionary coalition was fractured between moderate liberals, who wanted a constitutional monarchy with limited suffrage, and radical democrats, who demanded a republic and universal suffrage. This split allowed conservative forces to regain their footing.

Franco-Prussian War

• July 19 1870- May 10 1871

• Initial cause was revolution in Spain where the monarchy was overthrown and a German king was requested from Hohenzollern. 

• France didn’t like the idea of being encircled by Germans in both Spain and Prussia. So delegates met and Bismarck told the French to knock it off. 

• The French declared war and many of the southern German states (Bavaria, Hesse, Hohenzollern, and Wurtemburg) joined the Prussians against French aggression. 

• France got pummeled by superior artillery and railways of Prussia which led to a full army scatter. 

• Germany laid siege to Paris until it eventually fell. At the end the French were made to pay large war reparations, lost Alsace-Lorraine, and had northern France occupied.

Austro Prussian War

• June 14 1866 - August 23, 1866

• Started after the second Schleswig war when tensions arose along the Holstein and Schleswig border. 

• Eventually led to a Prussian-Italian Alliance against Austria. Many smaller German tribes tried to help Austria, specifically Hannover, Hesse, and Saxony. 

• These small nations were invaded by Prussia before they could amount any major support.

Unification of the Northern German Confederation

(January 18, 1871)

Germany was unified in 1871, and the proclamation of the German Empire took place in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, following Prussia’s victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Empire's structure, much like the Confederation's, was dominated by Prussia, which was the largest and most powerful member state. The King of Prussia was the Emperor, and the Chancellor (Bismarck) answered to the Emperor, not the parliament, ensuring continued Prussian control over national affairs.

Zollverein

 made to unify the current Prussian States and tried to unite current Prussia before they spread out to the east. Opened up trade and reduced taxes 

Austria Uprisings and effects 1848

Many uprisings occurred in major cities like Vienna, Prague, and Budapest. The uprising were led by liberal intellectuals and students within Austria, and were often not peaceful.While many of these uprisings were unsuccessful they proved to hold lasting effects, such as the abolition of serfdom in the Hapsburg Empire. 

Austro Prussian War

Austria loses😢

Austria also loses access to important German affairs (business and political), ad loses some territory.

Compromise of 1867

The compromise built a split monarchy between Austria and Hungary making Austria-Hungary. It was led by Emperor Franz Joseph I (Hapsburg).

Treatment of Citizens

Under the Austrian-Hungarian monarchy the German speaking Austrians and Hungarians were treated as higher class citizens. However slavic speaking citizens, mainly from czechia, poland, croatia, serbia, ect., were treated as less important citizens. 

Crimean War

• Russia expands, takes Crimea (imperialism)

• Russia claims right to protect Christians in Ottoman lands

• Ottomans refuse Russian demands

• Russia occupies Moldova, Ottoman territory, as retribution

• Negotiations fail → Ottoman’s declare war on Russia in 1853

• Britain and France join to stop Russian power

• main Russian fortress falls in 1855 and the Tsar dies soon after

• Treaty of Paris ends conflict, in favor of the Ottomans

• Russia has to give up land and sea territory

Massive loss of human life and overall humiliating defeat, 400,000+ Russians died

• Austria angers Russia by not helping and staying neutral

• Austria and Russia are now enemies

Alexander and Reform

Issued a “serious overhaul” of the Russian system

• Emancipation edict for Serfs (unfree peasants legally bound to their land and landlord)

• The proclamation allowed serfs to sue, marry, and own property

• Gov purchased property from landowners for freed Serfs to live on