UNIT 6 APHG VOCAB (COMPLETE)

AmberSimica143

Urbanization

the process of *developing towns and cities*

Site

The *immidiate location; climate, landforms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors.* Ex: *Cincinnati is on the north bank of the Ohio river,* and is a *valley surrounded by hills* with a *temperate climate and fertile soil.*

Situation

The *location of a place relative to its surroundings* and its *connectivity to other places*. Ex: *near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad. Cincinnati emerged as a River port after 1811. river commerce reached its height at 1852* and s*timulated steamboat building industry, especially pork*.

City-State

this is consisted of an *urban center and its surrounding territory* and *agricultural villages*

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

*another way to define a city*. This consists of at least *50,000 people*, the *county in which it is located*, and *adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration* connection with the *urban core.*

Micropolitan Statistical Area

are *cities of more than 10,000 people* but *less than 50,000*, the *county in which they are located*, and *surrounding counties* with a *high degree of integration*

Borchert's Transportation Model

A model to describes *urban growth* based on *transportation and technology.* shows how *each new form technology* produced a *new system* that *changed how people move themself, and goods between urban areas.*

Suburbanization

The process of *people moving from cities to residential areas* on the outskirts of cities

Boomburbs

*rapidly growing communities* that have a *total population of over 100,000 people* and are *not the largest city in a metro area*. examples *Mesa, Arizona; Plano, Texas; Riverside, California*

Edge Cities

*areas found near key locations along transportation routes* that have *mini downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, office complexes.* normally *nodes of economic activity.*

Megacities

A city that has a *population of more than 10 million people*

Metacities

a *continuous urban area* with a *population greater than 20 million people* and have *attributes of a network of urban areas* that have *grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system*

Megalopolis

A *chain of connected cities*. ex: *Boston to New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore to Washington DC*

Conurbation

an *interrupted urban area* made of *towns, suburbs, and cities.* these cities *cross state boundaries* and *exceed the definition of a metropolitan area.* ex: *California from San Diego to Los Angeles to San Francisco; Tokyo through Yokohama in Japan.*

Exurbs

The *prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs*

Deurbanization

The *counter flow of urban residents, leaving cities and moving to suburban areas*

World Cities

*large cities that exert global, economic, cultural, and political influence.* and make up *netwerk of economic, social, and informational flows*. ex: *New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris.*

Urban Hierarchy

Ranking based on *influence and population size*

Rank-Size rule

model that illustrates the *relationship between population distribution* in cities that are *interconnected in the urban hierarchy*. It states that the *nth largest city* in any region will be *1/n the size of the largest city.*
ex: *United States, Canada, Australia, and India.* *limitations* are that it doesn't take into account the *distance between cities*, and it does not explain the *distribution of cities.*

Primate City

If the *largest city* in an urban system is *more than twice* as large as the *next largest city*. *London and Mexico City* are examples of this.

Gravity Model

States that the *larger and closer* places will have *more interactions* than places that are *smaller and farther* from each other, and can be used to *predict the flows* between cities. *limitations* of the model assume there are *no political, physical, or cultural barriers.*

ex: Orlando, Florida, and Las Vegas. Nevada are tourist destinations that attract visitors for their size and distance, but also places like Jerusalem and Mecca and Washington DC distort the effects of peoples predictions by the gravity model.

Central Place Theory

illustrates the *hierarchical spatial patterns of cities and settlements based on economic/consumer behaviors.* *larger cities will be farther spread out* from each other *than smaller towns or villages*. *Chicago and Atlanta* have a series of *medium cities between* them that are roughly the *same distance from each other.*

Threshold

The size of the population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable

Range

The distance people travel to obtain specific goods or services

High Order Services

*expensive, desirable, and unique services and good with a large threshold and range*. typically found in *higher order locations* like *major cities*. ex: *sports arenas, specialty doctors, concerts, universities.*

Low Order Services

*inexpensive, common, every day needs, smaller threshold and range.* typically found in lower order location such as *towns, villages, and hamlets.* ex: *grocery stores, hair salons, barbershops, gas stations*.

Hexagonal Hinterlands

allowed for *central places of different sizes* to *distribute themselves in a clean pattern* across a region. The shape of the areas in the central place theory.

Concentric Zone Model

a spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of *five concentric rings around a CBD*. The *first ring is the transition zone (industrial and low-cost housing with a high density)*, and the *next three* are *residential* going like working class, expensive housing, then larger homes.*

Hoyt Sector Model

a spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a *wedge-shaped pattern* focused on the *downtown core (CBD). Low income* housing develops surrounding industry and major *transportation routes. Middle and high-income* housing develops *further from the city center.*

Multiple Nuclei Model

A spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of *several land-use zones (nodes)* arranged *around a CBD*. Cities develop around *multiple focal points* and *build outwards to create a functional region.*

Galactic City Model

Most *modern* spatial model in which American urban areas consist of a *central city surrounded by a large suburban area (edge cities), shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas*, and *service complexes* tied together by a beltway or ring road; was developed in the *1980s.* Focuses on the *decentralization and suburbanization* of urban environments.

Squatter Zones

residential areas characterized by *extreme poverty* with shelters constructed of found materials *(scrap wood, etc.)* that usually exist on land just *outside of cities* that is neither owned or rented by its occupants with *little or no access to water, sewage, garbage removal, or education*. largest one is in *Kibera.*

Disamenity Zones

area located within the city characterized by *slums and the homeless* and in extreme cases are *controlled by gangs* or drug lords, typically *steep, mountainous, and dangerous terrain* that are *not connected to city services.*

Traditional CBD

*Before European colonization. Small shops, narrow streets* with a *formal economy* and *full time jobs.*

Colonial CBD

*Big streets, straight*, often in *grid-like patterns*, with *government buildings, parks, and large homes*, with *European architectural* styles.

Latin American City Model

a spatial city model that includes a *prestigious, commercial axis (spine)* which *emanates outward* from the *CBD* and is *surrounded by a peripheral area* containing *squatter settlements*. The *spine* runs from the modernized *CBD in the center, through wealthy housing* and connects to a *secondary urban center* called the mall. As *distance from the CBD increases, housing becomes less expensive and quality decreases* due to a lack of critical infrastructure available in those areas.

African City Model

spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of *European colonialism*, but often consists of a *colonial CBD* as well as a *traditional CBD*, and a *market zone* that is *surrounded by squatter settlements*.

Southeast Asian City Model

a spatial city model that includes an *old colonial port zone* that is the *focal point* of the city reflecting a city oriented around *exports*, and radiating outward from the port zone are the *Western commercial zone and secondary commercial zone for Chinese business* called the *Alien commercial zone*.

Infilling

*Redevelopment of vacant land* to improve the surrounding area. *Increasing the residential density* by replacing an open space and vacant housing with residences.

Zoning Ordinances

*Regulations* that define *how property in specific geographic regions may be used. Residential, Commercial, and Industrial*.

Urban Planning

A process of *promoting growth* and *controlling change* on *land use*.

Infrastructure

The *facilities and systems* that *serve the population. bridges, cell phone towers, police stations, sewage collection, museums, sports facilities, parks.*

Municipal

The *local government of a city or town* and the *services it provides*. ex: *mayor and the city Council* make up the core of the *municipal government*, *local water supply is the municipal water supply*.

Municipality

The *local entity* that is all *under the same jurisdiction*. a *town or city*

Sustainability

Using the *earths resources* while *not causing permanent damage* to the *environment*

Greenbelts

are an area of *green space* like a *park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area* intended to *limit urban sprawl. limits pollution and protects wildlife*, habitats historically used in *Great Britain.*

New Urban Design

set of strategies to put *smart growth into action within communities*. some include creating *human scale neighborhoods, reclaiming neglected spaces, giving access to multiple modes of transportation, increasing affordable housing, and creating mixed use neighborhoods.*

Mixed-Use Development

planned urban developments that include *multiple uses, such as retail, residential, educational, recreational, and businesses* intended to *increase residential density and reduce travel time.*

Smart Growth Policies

developed to *combat urban sprawl* and create a new vision for cities that are *more sustainable and equitable,* focuses on *planning and transportation* and suggests a spacial variety of *housing and transportation* options within communities. tries to create *walkable and livable spaces, and a strong sense of place* among residence. *New Jersey Rhode Island, washington, Tennessee, and Oregon* have enacted these policies.

Slow Growth Policies

policies to *slow the outward spread of urban areas* and places *limits on building permits* in order to encourage a *denser more compact city.* cities of *Boulder, Colorado, Portland, and Oregon* are considered these.

Quantitative Data

information that can be *counted, measured, or sequenced by numeric value*. Examples *count the total population of a country.*

Qualitative Data

it is based on primarily *surveys, field studies, photos, video, and interviews from people who provide personal perceptions* and meaningful descriptions. information like this can be used to see how *people feel* about *urban growth, zoning changes, local government, and crime rates.*

Redlining

The process by which *banks refuse loans* to those who want to *purchase and improve properties* in certain *urban areas* because of *ethnic or racial composition*

Blockbusting

this is when people of an *ethnic group sold their homes* upon learning that *members of another ethnic group were coming into the neighborhood. White people left when African-American or Hispanic families moved into the neighborhood.*

Inclusionary Zoning

these practices *offer incentives for developers* to *set aside a percentage of housing* for low *income, renters or buyers*

Zones of Abandonment

areas of a city that have been *deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons. Chernobyl, Ukraine; Fukushima, Japan; Detroit, Michigan; Kowloon near Hong Kong*

Urban Renewal

this policy allowed *governments to clear out the lighted inner-city slums*, which usually *displaced the residence to low income government housing* complexes. intended to *re-develop and modernize* these areas.

Eminent Domain

allows the *government to claim private property from individuals, pay them for the property, then use the land for a public good.*

Gentrification

The process by which *higher income residents are professional developers buy buildings in abandoned blighted and or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore and rebuild the properties*. The areas mostly become *mixed use developments.*

Informal Settlements

are *densely populated areas built without coordinated planning*, and *without sufficient public services like electricity, water, and sewage*, and often *lack legal protection to show ownership of the land* or structures

Suburban Sprawl

The rapid spread of *commercial and residential developments outward* from the inner city

Ecological Footprint

uses *land* as currency to measure how *fast we consume resources and generate waste*, compared to *how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources*. basically the *impact of human activity on the environment*

Brownfeilds

A *large abandon industrial site in the central city* and in the suburbs due to the *shift of manufacturing to service baced economies*, typically *unsafe and polluted.* existing core countries like *China.*

Urban Redevelopment

*renovating* a site within a city by *removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up*