Studied by 90 people
Urbanization
the process of developing towns and cities
Site
The immidiate location; climate, landforms, availability of water, soil fertility, and other physical factors. Ex: Cincinnati is on the north bank of the Ohio river, and is a valley surrounded by hills with a temperate climate and fertile soil.
Situation
The location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Ex: near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad. Cincinnati emerged as a River port after 1811. river commerce reached its height at 1852 and stimulated steamboat building industry, especially pork.
City-State
this is consisted of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
another way to define a city. This consists of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration connection with the urban core.
Micropolitan Statistical Area
are cities of more than 10,000 people but less than 50,000, the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration
Borchert's Transportation Model
A model to describes urban growth based on transportation and technology. shows how each new form technology produced a new system that changed how people move themself, and goods between urban areas.
Suburbanization
The process of people moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of cities
Boomburbs
rapidly growing communities that have a total population of over 100,000 people and are not the largest city in a metro area. examples Mesa, Arizona; Plano, Texas; Riverside, California
Edge Cities
areas found near key locations along transportation routes that have mini downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, office complexes. normally nodes of economic activity.
Megacities
A city that has a population of more than 10 million people
Metacities
a continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people and have attributes of a network of urban areas that have grown together to form a larger interconnected urban system
Megalopolis
A chain of connected cities. ex: Boston to New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore to Washington DC
Conurbation
an interrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities. these cities cross state boundaries and exceed the definition of a metropolitan area. ex: California from San Diego to Los Angeles to San Francisco; Tokyo through Yokohama in Japan.
Exurbs
The prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs
Deurbanization
The counter flow of urban residents, leaving cities and moving to suburban areas
World Cities
large cities that exert global, economic, cultural, and political influence. and make up netwerk of economic, social, and informational flows. ex: New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris.
Urban Hierarchy
Ranking based on influence and population size
Rank-Size rule
model that illustrates the relationship between population distribution in cities that are interconnected in the urban hierarchy. It states that the nth largest city in any region will be 1/n the size of the largest city. ex: United States, Canada, Australia, and India. limitations are that it doesn't take into account the distance between cities, and it does not explain the distribution of cities.
Primate City
If the largest city in an urban system is more than twice as large as the next largest city. London and Mexico City are examples of this.
Gravity Model
States that the larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other, and can be used to predict the flows between cities. limitations of the model assume there are no political, physical, or cultural barriers.
ex: Orlando, Florida, and Las Vegas. Nevada are tourist destinations that attract visitors for their size and distance, but also places like Jerusalem and Mecca and Washington DC distort the effects of peoples predictions by the gravity model.
Central Place Theory
illustrates the hierarchical spatial patterns of cities and settlements based on economic/consumer behaviors. larger cities will be farther spread out from each other than smaller towns or villages. Chicago and Atlanta have a series of medium cities between them that are roughly the same distance from each other.
Threshold
The size of the population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable
Range
The distance people travel to obtain specific goods or services
High Order Services
expensive, desirable, and unique services and good with a large threshold and range. typically found in higher order locations like major cities. ex: sports arenas, specialty doctors, concerts, universities.
Low Order Services
inexpensive, common, every day needs, smaller threshold and range. typically found in lower order location such as towns, villages, and hamlets. ex: grocery stores, hair salons, barbershops, gas stations.
Hexagonal Hinterlands
allowed for central places of different sizes to distribute themselves in a clean pattern across a region. The shape of the areas in the central place theory.
Concentric Zone Model
a spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of five concentric rings around a CBD. The first ring is the transition zone (industrial and low-cost housing with a high density), and the next three are residential going like working class, expensive housing, then larger homes.*
Hoyt Sector Model
a spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a wedge-shaped pattern focused on the downtown core (CBD). Low income housing develops surrounding industry and major transportation routes. Middle and high-income housing develops further from the city center.
Multiple Nuclei Model
A spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of several land-use zones (nodes) arranged around a CBD. Cities develop around multiple focal points and build outwards to create a functional region.
Galactic City Model
Most modern spatial model in which American urban areas consist of a central city surrounded by a large suburban area (edge cities), shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes tied together by a beltway or ring road; was developed in the 1980s. Focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments.
Squatter Zones
residential areas characterized by extreme poverty with shelters constructed of found materials (scrap wood, etc.) that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned or rented by its occupants with little or no access to water, sewage, garbage removal, or education. largest one is in Kibera.
Disamenity Zones
area located within the city characterized by slums and the homeless and in extreme cases are controlled by gangs or drug lords, typically steep, mountainous, and dangerous terrain that are not connected to city services.
Traditional CBD
Before European colonization. Small shops, narrow streets with a formal economy and full time jobs.
Colonial CBD
Big streets, straight, often in grid-like patterns, with government buildings, parks, and large homes, with European architectural styles.
Latin American City Model
a spatial city model that includes a prestigious, commercial axis (spine) which emanates outward from the CBD and is surrounded by a peripheral area containing squatter settlements. The spine runs from the modernized CBD in the center, through wealthy housing and connects to a secondary urban center called the mall. As distance from the CBD increases, housing becomes less expensive and quality decreases due to a lack of critical infrastructure available in those areas.
African City Model
spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of European colonialism, but often consists of a colonial CBD as well as a traditional CBD, and a market zone that is surrounded by squatter settlements.
Southeast Asian City Model
a spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zone and secondary commercial zone for Chinese business called the Alien commercial zone.
Infilling
Redevelopment of vacant land to improve the surrounding area. Increasing the residential density by replacing an open space and vacant housing with residences.
Zoning Ordinances
Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used. Residential, Commercial, and Industrial.
Urban Planning
A process of promoting growth and controlling change on land use.
Infrastructure
The facilities and systems that serve the population. bridges, cell phone towers, police stations, sewage collection, museums, sports facilities, parks.
Municipal
The local government of a city or town and the services it provides. ex: mayor and the city Council make up the core of the municipal government, local water supply is the municipal water supply.
Municipality
The local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction. a town or city
Sustainability
Using the earths resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment
Greenbelts
are an area of green space like a park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area intended to limit urban sprawl. limits pollution and protects wildlife, habitats historically used in Great Britain.
New Urban Design
set of strategies to put smart growth into action within communities. some include creating human scale neighborhoods, reclaiming neglected spaces, giving access to multiple modes of transportation, increasing affordable housing, and creating mixed use neighborhoods.
Mixed-Use Development
planned urban developments that include multiple uses, such as retail, residential, educational, recreational, and businesses intended to increase residential density and reduce travel time.
Smart Growth Policies
developed to combat urban sprawl and create a new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable, focuses on planning and transportation and suggests a spacial variety of housing and transportation options within communities. tries to create walkable and livable spaces, and a strong sense of place among residence. New Jersey Rhode Island, washington, Tennessee, and Oregon have enacted these policies.
Slow Growth Policies
policies to slow the outward spread of urban areas and places limits on building permits in order to encourage a denser more compact city. cities of Boulder, Colorado, Portland, and Oregon are considered these.
Quantitative Data
information that can be counted, measured, or sequenced by numeric value. Examples count the total population of a country.
Qualitative Data
it is based on primarily surveys, field studies, photos, video, and interviews from people who provide personal perceptions and meaningful descriptions. information like this can be used to see how people feel about urban growth, zoning changes, local government, and crime rates.
Redlining
The process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas because of ethnic or racial composition
Blockbusting
this is when people of an ethnic group sold their homes upon learning that members of another ethnic group were coming into the neighborhood. White people left when African-American or Hispanic families moved into the neighborhood.
Inclusionary Zoning
these practices offer incentives for developers to set aside a percentage of housing for low income, renters or buyers
Zones of Abandonment
areas of a city that have been deserted by their owners for either economic or environmental reasons. Chernobyl, Ukraine; Fukushima, Japan; Detroit, Michigan; Kowloon near Hong Kong
Urban Renewal
this policy allowed governments to clear out the lighted inner-city slums, which usually displaced the residence to low income government housing complexes. intended to re-develop and modernize these areas.
Eminent Domain
allows the government to claim private property from individuals, pay them for the property, then use the land for a public good.
Gentrification
The process by which higher income residents are professional developers buy buildings in abandoned blighted and or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore and rebuild the properties. The areas mostly become mixed use developments.
Informal Settlements
are densely populated areas built without coordinated planning, and without sufficient public services like electricity, water, and sewage, and often lack legal protection to show ownership of the land or structures
Suburban Sprawl
The rapid spread of commercial and residential developments outward from the inner city
Ecological Footprint
uses land as currency to measure how fast we consume resources and generate waste, compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources. basically the impact of human activity on the environment
Brownfeilds
A large abandon industrial site in the central city and in the suburbs due to the shift of manufacturing to service baced economies, typically unsafe and polluted. existing core countries like China.
Urban Redevelopment
renovating a site within a city by removing the existing landscape and rebuilding from the ground up
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