campaigns in syria (byzantine empire) till death

intro

After Firaz, Khalid sent to Syrian front; Hazrat Muthana (RA) commanded Iraq.

634 A.D: Abu Bakr (RA) called for jihad in Syria.

Army: 37,000 men in four groups (7,000 each) under Amr bin Aas, Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan, Shrubail bin Hasana, Abu Ubaidah; Khalid bin Walid led 9,000.

battle of basra

Shrubail’s army (4,000) engaged Byzantines → outnumbered.

Khalid arrived → offered Islam to enemy commander → he converted.

Enemy soldiers demoralized → city captured via underground passage → heavy casualties.

battle of ajnedain

Byzantine Emperor Heraclius gathered 100,000–240,000 troops.

Khalid with 40,000 Muslims.

Spy reported Muslim discipline → enemy commander feared confrontation.

Khalid rejected surrender offers → battle → 50,000 Byzantines killed, only 450 Muslims lost.

siege of damascus

Muslims defeated Byzantine forces outside city → survivors locked gates.

Siege began in 634 A.D. → city fell under Muslims during Caliphate of Hazrat Umar (RA).

administration

Followed Qur’an & Sunnah, consulted Majlis-e-Shura.

State divided into provinces:

Governor → led prayers, army, collected taxes, administered justice

Amil → collected revenue

Qazi → administered justice

Introduced Bait-ul-Mal, Abu Ubaidah in charge.

Military cantonments, reserve forces, and enforcement of Zakat established.

Crimes judged per Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma.

Safeguarded Non-Muslims’ rights.

death

Died aged 63, 24th Jamadi us Sani, 13 AH, natural causes.

Caliphate lasted 2 years + few months.

Nominated Hazrat Umar (RA) as successor → buried beside Prophet (PBUH), right side.