Chapter 8 Study Questions History

Charles Grandison Finney

Famous preacher of the Second Great Awakening known for emotional sermons

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement emphasizing individual responsibility for salvation

Revival

Emotional religious meeting designed to awaken faith through preaching and prayer

Burned-over district

Region in western New York known for frequent religious revivals

Evangelism

Religious activism focused on spreading personal salvation

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Founded by Richard Allen

Richard Allen

African American minister who founded the AME Church in Philadelphia

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement emphasizing simple living

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Writer and leader of the transcendentalist movement

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist who lived at Walden Pond and promoted self-reliance through his literature

Walden

Thoreau’s book describing simple living and following inner conscience

Unitarianism

Religious movement emphasizing reason and gradual conversion

William Ellery Channing

Prominent Unitarian leader who stressed human perfection

Utopian community

Experimental groups seeking to create a perfect society

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist utopian community near Boston founded by George Ripley

New Harmony

Utopian community in Indiana focused on self-sufficiency

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Writer who lived at Brook Farm and later wrote The Blithedale Romance

Shakers

Religious community founded by Ann Lee

Ann Lee

Founder of the Shaker movement

Dorothea Dix

Social reformer who fought for better treatment of the mentally ill

Alexis de Tocqueville

French writer who studied U.S. prisons and noted harsh conditions

Public schools

Tax-supported education system demanded by reformers in the 1830s

Horace Mann

Leader of education reform

Romanticism

Artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion and imagination

Margaret Fuller

Transcendentalist who demanded equality for women in Woman in the Nineteenth Century

James Forten

Wealthy free African American sailmaker who opposed slavery and colonization

Abolition

Movement to end slavery in the United States

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist who published The Liberator newspaper

Frederick Douglass

Former slave who became a leading abolitionist and writer

Nat Turner

Slave who led a violent rebellion in Virginia in 1831

David Walker

Free black who published Appeal urging slaves to revolt

Emancipation

The freeing of slaves

Gag rule

Law preventing discussion of slavery in Congress

Sojourner Truth

Former slave who became an abolitionist and women’s rights activist

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting advocating for women’s rights

Temperance movement

Reform effort to reduce alcohol consumption

National Trades’ Union

Early labor organization formed in 1834

Brook Farm fire

1847 fire that destroyed the utopian community’s main building

Hudson River school

Art movement celebrating American landscapes and emotion

Thomas Cole

Painter associated with the Hudson River school

Civil responsibility

Belief from revivalism that individuals could improve society

Cult of Domesticity

19th century ideal that women only could fulfill their traditional roles

Mormons

Religious group founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830s. They were later led by west Brigham Young to Utah seeking religious freedom

Working Conditions

Often harsh in the early 19th century with long hours, low pay and unsafe environments

Harriet Tubman

Former enslaved woman who became a leading conductor on the Underground Railroad, released hundreds of slaves

The North Star

Abolitionist newspaper founded by Frederick Douglass in 1847

Women's Rights

Movement in the 19th century demanding equality in education, property, and voting

Declaration of the Rights and Women

Document modeled after the Declaration of Independence, presented at Seneca Falls in 1848, demanding equal rights for women

Asylum and Penitentiary Reform

Reform movement led by figures like Dorothea Dix to improve the treatment of the mentally ill in prisons.

Utopian Society

Experiments to create perfect autonomous societies, like New Harmony and Brook Farm