TFN (FINALS)

Atomistic (Byrne and Thompson)

Atomistic (Byrne and Thompson)

Whole or sum parts or physical. Views man as an organism composed of different organ systems and each organ is made up of tissue and each tissue is made up of cells, which is the basic unit

Holistic

Whole is not equal to the sum of parts. Man is a biopsychosocial-spiritual being. All aspects of his behavior and relationships with others in his environment.

Physiologic (concept of man)

Genetic character, organs and functioning

Psychological (concept of man)

Emotions, affect, rationality

Socio- Cultural (concept of man)

Socialization, family, language

Intellectual (concept of man)

Perception, cognition

Spiritual (concept of man)

Faith

Charity (concept of man)

Outward expression of love for others

Physiological

Sex, nutrition, shelter, clothing, water, rest and sleep

Safety and security

Physical freedom from harm ,psychological expectation of you and from other people

Love and belongingness

Nurturance with affection

Self Esteem

Sense of achievement and independence, confidence

Self actualization

attained by only 15%

Basic human needs

Universal

Met in different ways

Stimulated by ext/int factors

Interrelated

Priorities may be altered

Need (Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs)

Essential for the survival of man

Presence (Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs)

Prevents illness

Definition of health (WHO 1947)

Complete physical, mental, social (totality) well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

State of well being

Subjective perception of balance, harmony and vitality engaging in attitudes and behaviors that enhance the quality of life and maximizes personal potential

Physical (Dimension of wellness)

fitness of organ structures

Intellectual (Dimension of wellness)

use of knowledge for personal, social and career development

Emotional (Dimension of wellness)

expressing feelings and able to manage stress

Social (Dimension of wellness)

interaction with other people

Spiritual (Dimension of wellness)

Faith and hope

Acute illness

Sudden in onset, less that 6 months

Chronic illness

Gradual in onset, more than 6 months

Exacerbation

Period characterized by active signs and symptoms of the illness

Remission

Periods where no signs and symptoms are present

Objective pathologic process

Illness without disease is possible

Disease without illness is possible

Illness may or may not be related to a disease

One can have a disease without necessarily feeling ill

Deviance

behavior against social norms and shortens lifespan

Deviance results to

disrupted family and community

Definition of health (Walter Cannon 1930)

dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis

Definition of health (Florence Nightingale)

Using one’s power to the fullest and maintained by manipulating the environment

Agent, Host, Environment Model (Leavell and Clark)

Ecologic model

Ecologic Model

Expands to a multi-causation of a disease

Health as expanding consciousness (MARGARET NEWMAN)

humans are unitary human beings and the nurse is not an outcome predictor, rather a partner of a patient

Interpersonal process theory (Joyce travelbee)

Therapeutic relationship with the patient

Primary prevention emphasis

health promotion and specific protection (generally healthy people

Primary prevention is given

Before onset of illness/disease

Examples of primary prevention (1)

Generalized health education

Prevention of accidents

Standards of nutrition

Examples of primary prevention (2)

Immunization

Examples of primary prevention (3) specific prevention

Risk assessment for specific disease,

family planning/ marriage,

environmental sanitation, recreation and housing

Secondary prevention emphasis

Prompt treatment,

health maintenance with people who have health problems,

prevention of complications

Secondary prevention is given

During illness

Examples of secondary prevention

Self examinations,

screening survey,

check ups

Examples of secondary prevention (2)

assessment of growth and development and general nursing care at community and home

Tertiary prevention emphasis

support of the client rehabilitation and regaining high level of wellness

Tertiary prevention is given

after the illness is fixed/irreversible

Example of tertiary prevention

client support group, teaching how to inject insulin shot

Factors affection health and illness (Physical dimension)

Genetic make-up, age, developmental level, race and sex are all part of an individual's physical dimension and strongly influence health status and health practices.

Examples of Factors affection health and illness (Physical dimension)

The toddler just learning to walk is prone to fail and injure himself.

The young woman who has a family history of breast cancer and diabetes and therefore is at a higher risk to develop these conditions.

Factors affection health and illness (Emotional dimension)

How the mind and body interact to affect body function and to respond to body conditions also influences health. Long term stress affects the body systems and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change body responses to illness.

Examples of factors affection health and illness (Emotional dimension)

Prior to a test, a student always has diarrhea.

Extremely nervous about a surgery, a man experiences severe pain following his operation.

Using relaxation techniques, a young woman reduces her pain during the delivery of her baby.

factors affection health and illness (Intellectual dimension)

Encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background and past experiences. These influence a client's responses to teaching about health and reactions to health care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors.

Examples of factors affection health and illness (Intellectual dimension)

An elderly woman who has only a third-grade education who needs teaching about a complicated diagnostic test.

A young college student with diabetes who follows a diabetic diet but continues to drink beer and eat pizza with friends several times a week.

factors affection health and illness (socio-cultural dimension)

Health practices and beliefs are strongly influenced by a person's economic level, lifestyle, family and culture. Low-income groups are less likely to seek health care to prevent or treat illness; high-income groups are more prone to stress-related habits and illness. The family and the culture to which the person belongs determine patterns of livings and values, about health and illness that are often unalterable.

examples factors affection health and illness (socio-cultural dimension)

The adolescent who sees nothing wrong with smoking or drinking because his parents smoke and drink.

The person of Asian descent who uses herbal remedies and acupuncture to treat an illness.

Occupational (Dimension of wellness)

Balancing work between leisure time

Symptoms experience

person believes something is wrong (physical, cognitive, emotional)

Assumption of sick role

acceptance of illness, seeks advice

Medical care contact

seeks advice to professional for validation of illness, explanation of symptoms, reassurance or predict of outcome

Dependent patient role

person becomes a client dependent on the health professional, accepts/rejects suggestions, becomes more passive and accepting

Recovery/rehabilitation

gives up the sick role and return to former role and function

Triad is composed of

agent, host, environment

Patient safety model (fundamental principle)

first, do no harm

patient safety

the absence of preventable harm to a patient and reduction of risk of unnecessary ham associated with health care to an acceptable minimum

Major attributes of human being

Capacity to think

Family

Seek and maintain territory

Use verbal symbols as language

Nursing concepts of man

Biopsychosocial being

Open system

Unified whole

Vital reparative process

Man is a whole. Man is complete

(BOVUM)

Man as a spiritual being (Concept of Man)

Belief of a supreme power who is the source of meaning and purpose of life.

Man as psychosocial cultural being(Concept of Man)

Capable of rational, logical thinking but can be irrational and illogical when provoked. Man is unique, irreplaceable individual.

Biomedical concept (concept of health)

Traditionally health has been viewed as "absence of disease" if one person is free from disease, s/he is considered as healthy.

The medical profession viewed the human body as a machine, disease because of the breakdown of the machine and one of the Doctor's tasks as repair of machine.

Minimized role of environment, social, psychological, cultural determinants

Ecological concept (concept of health)

viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment, and the disease as a maladjustment of the human organism to environment.

The concept supports the need for clean air, safe water, ozonic layer in the atmosphere, etc. to protect us from exposure to unhealthy factors.

Spiritual (Dimension of wellness)

belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a "higher power") that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. includes a person's morals, values, and ethics

Occupational (Dimension of wellness)

ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time and beliefs about education, employment and home influence personal satisfaction and relationships with others

Environmental (Dimension of wellness)

ability to promote health measures that promote the standard of living and quality of life in the community

“Same and Steady”

Homeostasis

Homeostasis

Any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival.

Results from the constant adjustment of the internal environment in response to change

Health belief model (Model of healthcare)

The behavior is most representative of health promotion, which is the central focus of the health belief model.

Clinical model (Model of healthcare)

focuses on relieving signs and symptoms of illness

Role performance model (Model of healthcare)

emphasizes activities such as fulfilling a particular role

Agent- host- environment model (Model of healthcare)

focuses on predicting illness

PSG 1

Identify patients correctly

PSG 2

Improve effective communication

PSG 3

Improve the safety of high alert medications

PSG 4

Ensure the correct site, correct procedure, correct patient surgery

PSG 5

Reduce the risk of health care associated infections

PSG 6

reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls