Anatomy and Physiology - Unit 2 - Cells

Molecule

Molecule

A particle made of two or more atoms bonded together

isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

atom

Smallest particle of an element

compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

ion

a particle when an atom or molecule becomes electrically charged (positive or negative)

Hydrogen Bonding

attraction between positive charge on a hydrogen in a polar molecule and the negative end of another molecule.

ionic bonding

opposites attract, electrovalent bond

covalent bonding

sharing of electrons between atoms

reversible reaction

product of reaction that change back to reactant

synthesis

two or more atoms bond to form a more complex structure

decomposition

bonds within a molecule break so that simpler molecules, atoms, or ions form

molecular formula

the number and types of atoms in a molecule

exchange reaction

parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

bases

electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions

acids

electrolytes that release ions in water

electrolytes

Substances that release ions in water

oxygen

transported by blood cells, other cells use the oxygen to release oxygen from sugar glucose. the released energy drives the cells metabolic activities

carbon dioxide

produced as a waste product when certain metabolic process release energy, then exhaled from lungs

nucleic acids

store information for protein synthesis, control cell activities, genetic info

DNA, RNA

DNA

ATCG

RNA

AUCG

proteins

provide cell structure, energy, enzymes

AMINO ACIDS

hemoglobin, collagen

lipids

organic substances that are generally hydrophobic but soluble in certain organic solvents

FATS/OILS

fatty acids

Carbohydrates

provide energy that cells require supply materials to build certain cell structures, stored as reserved energy supplies. SUGARS, STARCHES

RNA molecules

carry out protein synthesis

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

composed of molecules whose nucleotides have ribose

DNA molecules

store information in a type of molecular code: cells use this information to synthesize protein molecules

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

has deoxyribose and forms a double polynucleotide chain. two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds

cytoplasm

contents of a cell including the gel like cystosol and organelles excluding the nucleos, enclosed by cell membrane also known as CYTOSKELETON

Organelle

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

chromatin

loosely coiled fibers of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes

nucleolus

contains RNA and proteins within nucleous from cytoplasm

cilia

microscope hairlike processes that aid in motility propel fluid over cellular surfaces

centrioles

2 centrioles together are called centrosome. helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

microtubes

part of cytoskeleton provides framework in the eytoplasm helps more substances and organisms

lysosome

membranous sacs with digestive enzymes that break down cell debris

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

catalyxes aerobic reactions of cell respiration (produce ATP) contain small amount of their own DNA

golgi apparatus

packages proteins for transport, proteins reach outer layer, packaged into bits of golgi membrane

vesicles

membranous sacs that store and transport materials

endoplasmic reticulum

all the parts of it are interconnected and communicate with cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and other organelles

ribosomes

provide structured support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize

cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Anaphase (Mitosis)

sister chromatids separate

G1

Cell growth

G2

Cell prepares to divide

preparing for mitosis

s phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

telaphase

the final phase of cell division, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Cytokenis

the division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells after mitosis

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

active transport

process that requires energy and a carrier molecule to move a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy

osmosis

diffusion of water

facilitated diffusion

carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

cholesterol

help make membrane less permeable

flagellum

A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

microvilli

increase surface area

Smooth ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Stores and creates lipids.

Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

Packages and synthesizes proteins.

Ribosomes

Lysosome

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

centrioles

mitochondria

microtubes

golgi bodies

chromatin

hypertonic

contains less water

hypotonic

contains more water