Unit 1: 1497-1607

• Societal makeup of Native Americans

  • the Native Americans were a diverse group of people with a diverse environment

    • some areas are agricultural and some are cities

  • Groups of Native Americans:

    • Pueblos: farmers that plant crops like carrots with advanced irrigation systems

    • Ute: nomadic, great plain/basin region

    • Chinook: expansive plank houses near California region

    • Cahokia: Mississippi river valley region

    • Iroquois: Northeast region

• European Kingdoms

  • many European kingdoms were changing rapidly. A lot of Europeans wanted Asian items, but the trade path would not allow them to do that so they looked for sea-based trades.

    • Portugal started with Africa trading posts.

    • Portugal and Spain maritime

  • made permanent homes in the Americas

  • Spanish quickly realized the agriculture aspect will make them money

• Christopher Columbus____: looking for new wealth in the Asian trades

• Colombian Exchange: the transporting of goods between the two hemispheres of the Americas and Europe

  • American transports → Europe: potatoes, tomatoes, corn, turkeys, gold, and silver

  • European transports → America: wheat, rice, soybeans, cattle, pigs, horses, and disease

    • also brought enslaved Africans to the continent

  • Exchange of disease among two hemispheres

    • Europeans brought smallpox with them, and this resulted in huge populations of the Natives to die

• Feudalism: peasants lived and work under a noble and their land in exchange for protection from that same noble

• Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership and free exchange

• Joint-Stock Company: a limited liability organization in which a plurality of investors pool their money to fund a venture

• Encomienda System: a colonial labor system in which the Spanish, known as encomendors, enslaved native people to farm and mine in the Americas

  • Issues with the System

    • they had trouble keeping the Natives enslaved

    • Natives continued to die because of small pox

  • this led to the importation of African slaves

• Casta System: categorized people in the Americas based on their socio-economic status

  • Order of System from top to bottom

    • Peninsulares: Spainards born in Spain

    • Criollos: creoles, Spainards born in the Americas

    • Castas

      • mestizos: born of Spanish and Native American descent

      • mulattoes: born of Spanish and African descent

    • Africans

    • Native Americans

• Sepulvade: argued Native Americans were less than human and benefitted from harsh labor conditions

• Las Casas: argued Native Americans were worthy of defense and protection. He persuaded the king to pass laws that ended the slavery of the Natives (eventually, the king repealed the laws.

Unit 2: 1607-1754

• Spanish

  • the main reason the Spanish went to Americas is in search of wealth from cash crops and digging of gold and silver cut from the ground

    • tried to convert natives to Christianity and introduced caste system

• French

  • established trading posts around the Americas and they had Native Americans wives to keep their kinship ties alive (strengthen trade relationships)

    • Ojibwe Indians: they gave the French beaver skins, and in return the French gave them iron cookware and manufactured claw

• Dutch

  • established fur trading center on Hudson River (1609) and did it for economic reasons

  • little interest in converting Natives to Christianity

  • 1624 established New Amsterdam that advanced economic goals

    • became hub of trade

• British

  • the motivations of the British was economically. Economically, Britain was a mess (Colombian Exchange, wars with France, conquest for Ireland) because of inflation.

    • Enclosure Movement: lower classes land they used for farming rapidly disappeared before them

  • new economic opportunities and lands in which they could seek economic opportunities. Others wanted to seek religious freedoms and better living conditions

  • British Colonies set in America

    • Chesapeake Region

      • Jamestown 1607: the first permanent colonial settlement in North America. Purely a profit-seeking venture. In the first 2 years of settlement, more than half of the population was killed due to a famine. This resulted in cannibalism from many of the citizens

      • Indentured Servants: a major labor system that had people who could not afford to come to the new world work for 7 years as a laborer in America and then will be released as a free person. The demand for tobacco increased, so did the labor and the land.

      • Bacon’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon led poor farmers including indentured servants in an attack against the Indians and turned their militia toward the plantations owner by Governor Berkley.

        • more owners distrusted the indentured servants because they were a broken staff, so this led toward the increase of enslaved Africans in the colonies

    • New England Colonies

      • 1620 pilgrims came in family units in order to establish a society (not profit-seeking economy). Fevers and diseases killed half the population. They established a good economy through agriculture and trade.

    • British West Indies

      • 1620 British established permanent colonies in the Caribbean. The warm climate provided year round growing seasons of the largest cash crop, tobacco, and sugarcane. The demand for sugarcane increased as it was used for rum in the Americas, so the demand for the enslaved Africans increased so they could grow the sugarcane. In 1660, the population of blacks were more than whites people of the influx of enslaved Africans

    • Middle Colonies

      • diverse populations on the sea shot through with many rivers so they thrived on an export economy. This was mainly of cereal crops. The success brought about a growing inequality between the classes.

        • Elites were the wealthy urban merchants while the lower class was the orphans, poor, sick, unemployed citizens. Again, there was a big population of enslaved Africans

      • Pennsylvania: founded by the Quakers and William Penn made it possible for all to have religious freedom. Land was also negotiated with the Natives

  • Governments in the Colonies

    • Mayflower Compact: organized government on the model of a self-governing church congregation

    • House of Burgesses: representative assembly that could levy taxes and pass laws

      • both were dominated by the elite classes. The New York elite were the wealthy landlord. The southern elites were the elite planters.

• Triangular Trade: the trading of goods between America, Africa, and the British West Indies

  • Ex. America would transport rum to West Africa where enslaved people would be brought in return to the British West Indies and the Indies would provide sugarcane to be used to make the rum to the Americas.

• Mercantilism: an economic system that establishes wealth from trade

• Navigation Acts: required merchants to establish trade with english colonies and english owned ships

  • this generated massive wealth for the elites, turned seaports into thriving urban centers

• From the 1700s to 1808, 3 million slaves came to the colonies on British ships through the middle passage.

  • every colony participated in the slave trade because of the massive amounts of wealth they would receive. New England held the least, Chesapeake held the most.

  • Slave codes in which they were reported as Chattel

    • slavery turned into a perpetual institution

      • indentured servants and Native Americans could not supply the demand they needed so they used enslaved Africans instead

        • many Blacks rebelled against this system

  • Stono Rebellion: South Carolina 1739 a small group of slaves stole weapons from a store and killed its owners and marched along the stono river. They burned plantations and killed white folks.

  • Metacomb’s War: 1675 Metacomb, chief of wampanog Indians, noticed the British were destroying their lands so the British must be removed.

  • The Enlightenment: a movement in Europe that established a difference between rational thinking and traditional and religious revelation

  • Natural Rights: the idea of people having inborn rights given to them by a creator, not the government

    • created checks and balances within government. established 3 branches of the government

  • Social Contract: people in contract with the government stating people give power to gov’t and they can also take away that power.

  • Great Awakening: massive religious revival that spread Christianity all throughout the colonies. A large-scale return to the Christian faith.

  • Anglicanization: a lot of the colonies have become english-like with the way their government is set up is similar to that of the english

Unit 3: 1754-1800

• French and Indian War (7 years war)

  • began on American soil because British were getting angry that the French were getting closer on their soil- western border of the Ohio river valley

    • the French reasoning is that the British were getting a little close on their territory

    • went bad for the British originally because they kept loosing battles

• Albany Plan of Union: more centralized government for colonies

  • the plan was rejected, but it laid the role for future revolutionary conflicts

• Treaty of Paris 1763: the French were outsted from North America and Louisiana territory was given to Spain. British doubled their land holdings on the continent gaining all land east of the Mississippi River

• Americans started moving west toward the Ohio river valley which intensified conflicts with Native Americans

• Royal Proclamation of 1763: forbade colonists from taking land in the Ohio River Valley, which is west of the Appalachian mountain

  • many Americans believed if they moved west their wealth would increase and they would live better lives

• Taxation without Representation

  • Britain made colonies pay for the French and Indian War

  • salutary neglect: Britain did not get involved with the colonies

    • gave colonists the affect that they were managing by themselves without help from parliament

    • era of salutary neglect is over and the British enacted a stricter Navigation Acts

  • Britain created many Acts over the colonists

    • Quartenary Act of 1765: imperial troops would remain in the colonies and the colonists have to house them

    • Sugar Act: taxes on coffee, wine, and other luxury items

    • Stamp Act 1765: tax on all paper items

    • Should colonists be taxed if they were not represented in government?

      • parliament said they were represented in parliament through a process called Virtual Representation: the idea that members of parliament represented all classes of British citizens not necessarily every locality

    • the sons of liberty and daughters of liberty stood up to repeal the Stamp Act

      • Stamp Act Congress: 27 delegates met to establish a formal petition to repeal the stamp act - main reason is the taxation without representation is tyranny

      • all of this is British subjects trying to have full rights as British citizens

        • parliament did repeal stamp, sugar, and other acts due to all the protests and threats in the colonies

    • Declaratory Act: Parliment had every right to pass whatever law they wanted to in the colonies

    • Townshend Act 1767: new taxes on items imported to the colonies

      • highly organized protests and boycotted goods

    • Boston Massacre 1770: troops were stationed in the colonies and young men started harassing the soldiers in Boston and started throwing snow balls and stones. unclear how first shot went off but it lead to more shooting that resulted in 11 colonists wounded and 4 dead

      • 6/8 soldiers were acquitted of any wrong doing - the massacre was a sign of increase British tyranny

    • Boston Tea Party: 50 colonists disguised as American Indians boarded the merchant ship and dumped 45 tons of British tea into the harbor

    • Coercive Acts: closed down Boston Harbor until all tea was pair for

    • Intolerable Acts: another name for coercive and another quaternary act

• Patriots: colonists in armed groups vowing to protect themselves against any further British tyranny

• Continental Congress 1774: colonies needed to resist further violations of their liberties at the hands of parliament. they did so as men who wanted to remain British subjects

  • enlightenment thoughts: natural rights, social contract, separation of powers

• In 1776, they realized independence from Britain is the only way their national could survive and thrive.

  • a majority of American colonists did not agree.

  • Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense that argued the only way forward was independence from Britain.

  • by spring 1776 a majority of colonists were convinced

• Thomas Jefferson wrote a formal declaration of independence that was adopted on July 2, 1776, and made public July 4th, 1776.

  • loyalists: did not want to separate from Britain

• continental army, and George Washington as leader. In 1777, the USA allied with French to help with war - Marquis de Lafayette

• British surrendered 1781 at battle of Yorktown → articles of confederatoin. states assembled their own governments, the constitution of the USA, all power for the government was put into the legislative body (no judicial or executive), federal government had very little power to tax

• westward expansion continued on with a lot of conflicts between the indians and Americans. USA took land without any legal ownership

• Northwest Ordinance 1787: unformed territories could be occupied and then applied to the union for statehood and abolished slavery in the Northwest territory

• Shay’s Rebellion: many farmers could not pay their debt because of the war. farmers made a militia and tried to march on the government but it didn’t work

  • this made other governors realize that farmers in their own state could do the same and this established the weakness of the articles of confederation

• federalists: wanted a stronger central government

  • Hamilton, Washington

• anti-federalists: opposed increase in federal government power and stronger state government control

  • Jefferson, Madison

• Virginia Plan: representation by population

• New Jersey Plan: states should be represented equally - favored small states

• The Great Compromise: the gov’t split into two houses - a bicameral congress

  • house of representatives: states represented by population

  • senate: equal votes, 2 votes per state

• 3/5 compromise: they would count all of the enslaved people in a particular state, take 3/5 of it and that’s how many seats would be added to their house of representatives

• Federalist papers: Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote essays convincing the public of the merits of the constitution

• Bill of Rights: enumerate individual liberties and protections of the individual against the federal gov’t

  • march 1789 constitution was ratified

• ladies made their sons good sons of liberty “republican motherhood”

• George Washington President and John Adams Vice President

• Hamilton made the national bank

• Elastic Claise: congress has the right to make any law that is necessary and proper in order to carry out its other responsibilities

• Whiskey Rebellion 1794: tax on whiskey made by poor frontier farmers who attacked and assaulted tax collectors who tried to collect revenue from them

• Democratic republicans: opposed the federalists (Thomas Jefferson and James Madison) and thought the creation of everything was federal overreach

• washington’s farewell address: he cautioned the nation against political parties and getting entangled in foreign, specifically European, alliances

• John Adams second pres and war broke out of Britain and France

• XYZ affair: John Adams sent men to France to make some kind of settlement so the 3 frenchmen demanded a bribe before they would sit down at the table

• Alien and Sedition Acts: legal and easy to deport any non citizen of the United States. made it illegal to criticize the government publically

• virginia and the Kentucky resolutions: any law passed by gov’t and is unconstitutional with good conscience be nullified by the states

• indian trade and intercourse act: the relationships among settlers and indians made provisions for far deals

• westward expansion up conflicts with native Americans up

• pinckeny treaty: established border between US and spain

• free blacks in north

• southern blacks still oppressed by slavery

Unit 4: 1800-1848

• themes: expanding role of the US, transfer of economy, and democratic influence

• Barbary Pirates: the US and counteries in north Africa had a deal they resulted in trade through payments but jeffersonj stopped these payments and the pirates raided US ships. jefferson paid the pirates a reduced amount

• democratic-republicans

  • strict constructionist

• federalists

  • loose constructionist

• Louisiana purchase: James Monroe went to France with 2 million dollars to ask napolean if the US could buy the Louisiana territory from him. napolean sold the entirety of Louisiana to the US for 15 million dollars

• Marbury vs Madison

  • judiciary act: 16 new spots in court

  • john adams picked them before he left office

  • is this constitutional?

• war of 1812: france vs britain, America tries to stay neutral, France and Britain keep seizing American ships, indian problems stirred up by Britain

  • US declares war on Britain June 1812

  • USA wins

    • increase nationalism and demise of federalist party

• era of good feelings

• Henry Clay American System

  • federally funded internal improvements

  • implementation of protective tariffs

  • re-establish bank of the United States

• Missouri compromise

  • Missouri slave state, maine free state

• Monroe doctrine

  • The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy that stated any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the United States. It was introduced by President James Monroe in 1823.

• market revolution: the linkage of other industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation

• industrial revolution

  • cotton gin

  • spinning machines

  • interchangeable parts

  • steamboats

  • railroads

  • canals

• 1820-1840 2 million immigrants showed up with cheap labor mainly came from Ireland and Germany

  • tenements

• growing middle class

• cult of domesticity: women’s identity revolved around childbearing and make the home a haven for husband to relax

• Panic of 1819

  • causes: irresponsible banking practices, decreased demand for exports

  • effects: working men demand the franchise

• by 1825, most states removed the property qualification for voting

• election of 1824

  • national republicans: expansive view of federal power, loose constructionist

    • john quincy adams, henry clay

  • democrats: restrictive view of federal power, strict constructionist

    • andrew jackson

• corrupt bargain: adams won because the votes came down to those in the house of representatives and clay is speaker of the house. when adams won clay became secretary of state

• election of 1828

  • national republicans: john quincy adams

  • democrats: andrew jackson

• whigs: henry clay

• tariff of 1828: raised import dues by 15%

• nullification: action of a state attempting to prevent the operation and enforcement within its territory of a law of the federal government

• indian removal act 1830: cherokee in Georgia refused to resettle

  • worcester vs Georgia

    • Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries

• 1835 US officials convinced Indians to sign Treaty of New Echota in which there was an exchange of Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi river

• trail of tears: forced removal of Cherokee

• transdentalism: effort toward spiritual renewal, contradicited enlightenment with thinking → focused on beauty of nature

• religion made different denominations like Mormonism

• abolitionism

• womens suffrage

  • seneca falls convention

• Slavery

  • plantations expanded further west

  • Nat Turner Rebellion 1831 Virginia

  • most white southerners did not own slaves

    • Yeoman farmers: independent land owners (still believed in institution of slavery)

Amendments

• 13th- abolition of slavery

• 14th- all persons born in the US are granted citizenship

• 15th- all citizens are able to vote

• 16th- income tax

• 17th- popular election of senators

• 18th- prohibition of liquor

• 19th- women right to vote

• 20th- presidential term

• 21st- repeal of prohibition

• 22nd- two-limit term of presidency

• 26th- voting at 18