AP African American Studies Unit 2 vocab

Ladinos

Latinized blacks who were born or raised in Spain, Portugal, or these nations' Atlantic or American colonies and who spoke fluent Spanish or Portuguese

Atlantic Creoles

A cultural identifier of those with origins in the transatlantic settlement of the Americas via Europe and Africa

Chattel Slavery

a system by which slaves were considered portable property and denied all rights or legal authority over themselves or their children

Conqusidors

The explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese empires of the 15th and 16th century. During the Age of Exploration, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, colonizing and opening trade routes

Juan Garrido

An Afro-Spaniard conquistador known as the first documented black person in what would become the United States. Born in West Africa, he went to Portugal as a young man. In converting to Catholicism, he chose the Spanish name, Juan Garrido.

Estavanico

The first person of African descent to explore North America

Departure zones

Ports that would export slaves. (i.e. Ouidah, Lagos, etc.)

The middle passage

The phase of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in which slave ships transported enslaved people from the West African coast to slave ports in the Americas.

The transatlantic slave trade

An oceanic trade of African men, women, and children which lasted from the mid 16th century until the 1860s

Slave narratives

an account of the life, or a major portion of the life, of a fugitive or former slave, either written or orally related by the slave personally

Slave ship diagram

Portrays the inhumane living conditions that Enslaved Africans endured during the Middle Passage

Commodification

the action or process of treating something as a mere commodity

Deracincation

To remove or separate from a native environment or culture

Sengbe Pieh

An African man that was captured and was sent to Cuba as a slave during the Amistad case

La Amistad

An 1839 slave insurrection aboard the Amistad, a Spanish ship, in international waters near Cuba. the case became a widely publicized abolitionist cause and ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which freed the rebels in 1841.

Mende captives

Africans captured in Sierra Leone by European slave traders that were illegally transported from Africa to Havana, Cuba

Cash crop

Readily salable crop grown for commercial sale and export rather than local use

Cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Second Middle Passage

The forced migration of slaves from the upper south to the lower south of the United States

Work songs

Slaves sang improvised verses to mock their overseers, express frustrations, and share dreams of escaping

Gullah Creole

A creole language composed of a blend of West African language and English

Rice fanner basket

The earliest and most important type of coiled basketry made by Africans in North America

Slave codes

Made slavery a permanent condition, inherited through the mother, and defined slaves as property, usually in the same terms as those applied in real estate

Stono Rebellion

A slave rebellion that took place near South Carolina's Stono River in 1739. It was led by slaves who hoped to find freedom in Spanish Florida. The rebels killed about 20 whites before they were captured and subdued.

South Carolina's 1740 Slave code

Slaves were forbidden to leave the owner's property unless they were accompanied by a white person or had permission

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A controversial U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that Scott, a slave, was not entitled to sue the Missouri courts and was not free even though he had been taken into a free territory; that no person of African descent could be a citizen; that slaves were property; and that Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in the territories.

Partus Sequitur Ventrem

Ruling that the children born in the colonies would take the place or status of the mother. (i.e. if the mother was a slave, the children would be slaves too)

Racial Taxonomy

A documentation of all immigrants entering America

Hypodescent

A rule that anyone with an ounce of "black blood" was considered black

Sprituals

A type of religious folksong that is mostly closely associated with the enslavement of African people in the American South

The American Colonization Society

An American organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the migration of freeborn blacks and emancipated slaves to the continent of Africa

Asylum in Spanish Florida

Slaves were given freedom in Spanish Florida if they converted to Catholicism and promised to serve Spain

Fort Mose

The first free black town within the present-day borders of the United States, located within what is now Florida and founded by blacks who had escaped enslavement in the Carolina colony.

Haitian Revolution

A rebellion against slavery and colonialism in the French colony of Saint Domingue that led to the establishment of an independent country with black rule.

Maroon Communities

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean

Charles Deslondes

In 1811, he led between 180 and 500 slaves in an attempt to seize New Orleans

German Coast Uprising

A slave revolt that took place in New Orleans from Jan. 8-10 in 1811

Madison Washington

An enslaved African man who led a slave rebellion in American on Nov. 7, 1841

Mutual-aid societies

An organization or voluntary association in which members agreed to assist one another in securing benefits such as insurance

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator

Great Dismal Swamp

Enslaved African Americans fleeing to safety would use the swamp as a temporary hiding place before traveling northward by boat to freedom

Quilombo dos Palmares

A community of escaped slaves and others in colonial Brazil

Manumission

A legal process that slave owners could initiate to grant freedom to a slave

Indigenous enslavers

When native peoples in the Southeast from being slave-catchers to enslaving African-Americans and people of African descent

Emigration

the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad

Black Nationalism

A diffuse ideology founded on the idea that black people constituted a nation within a nation. It fostered black pride and encouraged black people to control the economy of their communities.

Anti-emigration

opposed to people emigrating

Fugitive Slave Act

Part of the Compromise of 1850, this law strengthened federal authority over fugitive slaves

Moral Suasion

The abolitionist strategy that sought to end slavery by persuading both slaveowners and complicit northerners that the institution was evil

Intergrationists

A person who believes in, advocates, or practices social integration

Radical Resistance

A collection of cultural, intellectual, action-orientated labor aimed at disrupting social, political, economic, and cultural norms originating in anti colonial and anti slavery efforts

The Underground Railroad

A network of antislavery activists who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and Canada.

Combahee River raid

Harriet Tubman became the first woman to lead a major military operation. She and 150 African American Union soldiers rescued 700 slaves in the Combahee Ferry Raid

Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl

Harriet Jacobs writes her first person account of being a slave

Freedom days

Days that were celebrated in black liberation by black liberators