PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE AUBF

normal metabolic functions,

physical activity,

ingested materials,

pathological conditions

varies from almost colorless to black. These

variations may be due to

urochrome

yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment?

uroerythrin

pink pigment, is most evident in specimens

that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates in an acid urine.

Urobilin

oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.

Bilirubin

its presence is suspected if yellow foam appears when the specimen is shaken

Normal urine

produces only a small amount of rapidly dissapearing foam when shaken,

protein

large amount of white foam

indicates an increased concentration of

photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin

produces a yellow-orange urine; however, yellow foam does not appear when the specimen is shaken

phenazopyridine

produce a yellow foam when shaken, which

could be mistaken for bilirubin.

presence of blood

most common causes of abnormal urine color is

amount of blood,

the pH of the urine, and

the length of contact

color may range from pink to brown, depending on the

oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Rbc remaining in an ecidic urine for several hours cause the urine to turn brown due to the

hematuria

the urine is red and cloudy

Hemoglobinuria

resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBCs is accompanied by red plasma

Myoglobin

cleared more rapidly froM the plasma than is hemoglobin and therefore does not affect

the color of the plasma

Port wine

porphyrins. They are often referred to as having the color of

Porphyria

Deficiency of enzyme involved in heme biosynthesis

Vampires disease

Porphyrias also known as

blackberries

Ingestion of can produce a red color in acidic urine.

Beets

Ingestion of? can produce a red color in alk urine.

Porphobilinogen deasminase

Acute intermittent porphyria has a deficiency of

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria

Porphyria that is deficient in uroporphyrinogen three synthase

Cutanea tarda

Deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Homogentisic acid

metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from patients with the inborn error of metabolis

Melanin

Imparts black brown color when exposed to to air or sunlight

Beliverdin

Pseudomonas spp

Pathogenic causes of blue/green urine

blue diaper syndrome

Defect in tryptophan breakdown

Hunters disease

Tryptophan in gastro

Indican

Degradation product of tryptophan

Purple

urine color may occur in catheter bags

Purple

Urine colors caused by Klebsiella or Providencia species.

Clarity

general term that refers to the transparency

Clear

Freshly voided, normal urine is usually

White cloudiness in ALKALINE URINE

Precipitation of amorphous phosphates may cause

Pink in acidic urine when refregerated

Precipatation of Amorphous Urates may cause

Acetic acid

To distinguish amorphous phosphate you need to add? To clear out or dissolve

Heat up

To distinguish amorphous urates you need to? To clear out or dissolve

Nobecula

Faint, cloudiness in urine clarity

Vaginal cream

Most common reason of pseudo chyluria

Acidification and Infiltration

Bacteria can be cleared out by

4.5 - 8.0 (6.0)

Normal pH of urine

Chyluria

Leakage of lymph fluids

isosthenuric

Urine sg within 1.010

hyposthenuric

Urine sg <1.010

hypersthenuric

Urine sg >1.010

1.002 to 1.035

SG of Normal random specimens

1.015 - 1.030

SG of Most random specimens fall between

Sg

defined as the density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water (SG 1.000) at a similar temperature.

Refractive index

comparison of the velocity of light in the air with the velocity of light in a solution.

Refractometer

measuring refractive index

Refratometer

Temperature corrections are not necessary because the light beam passes through a temperature-compensating liquid before being directed at the specific gravity scale

- 0.003

Calculation for each gram of protein present

- 0.004

Calculation for each gram of glucose present

Distilled water 1.000

5% NaCL 1.022

9% Sucrose

Calibration of refractometer

T

T or F

The more solutes, the higher urinometer float

Urinometer

Based pf principle of bouyancy

Every 3C below 20C ( - 0.001)

Every 3C above 20C ( + 0.001)

Temperature correction of urinometer

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

frequency of a sound wave entering a solution in yellow IRIS

International remote imaging systems

IRIS MEANS

change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte

The reagent strip reaction is based on the

faint aromatic odor.

Freshly voided urine has a

Ammonia odor

The breakdown of urea has an odor like

Strong, unpleasant odor

bacterial infections, cause what odor

Diabetic ketones

Produces sweet or fruity odor

Maple syrup urine disease

serious metabolic defect results in urine with a strong odor of maple syrup

Pungent odor

Ingestion of certain foods, including onions, garlic, and asparagus, can cause wht odor

Mousy/musty

Odor of phynelketo

Tyrosinemia

Produces rancid butter odor

Isovaleric acidemia

Produces sweaty feet odor

Cabbage

Hypermethioninemia odor

Osthouse urine disease

Hops odor cause by

Rotting fish

Odor of trimethylaminuria

Proteus vulgaris

cause of ammoniacal urine

Brown

Color produced oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Phenazopyridine

Azo-gantrisin

Other name of pyridium

Black

Homogentosic imparts what color

Green

Clorets and phenyl salicylate imparts what color

White

Color caused by chyle and pus

Brown

Color caused by hgb to methemoglobin

Radiographic contrast media

Increased urine turbidity and cannot be detected in reagent strip

False (lowering the pH)

T OR F

The higher the concentration of urine, the more hydrogen ions are released, thereby increasing the pH.