Chapter 1

Define cytoplasm

cytosol fluid organelles

define cytosol

site of metabolic reactions, cytoplasm without the organelles

define plasma membrane

* phospholipid bilayer
* regulates the flow of the material into and out of the cell

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define nucleus

* contains genetic information (DNA)
* replication and transcription occur here

define nuclear envelope

* two concentric membranes
* acts as a plasma membrane in order to regulate stuff

Define endoplasmic reticulum

* involved in protein and lipid synthesis
* protein folding
* rough or smooth ER

define golgi apparatus

\-packages and fold proteins received from ER\`

Why is the order of the Nucleus, E.R and G.R significant

less distance for genetic material to travel and become damaged

Define Peroxisomes

Hydrogen peroxide used to break down toxic materials

Define lysosomes

* site of intercellular digestion
* degrade old and worn organelles
* breakdown macromolecules
* part of exchanges btwn plasma membrane, GR, and ER

Define Mitochondria

* Site of ATP production, chemical fuel for cellular processes.
* Has its own DNA

T or F: the mitochondria and chloroplasts have one membrane

false: they has two membranes, one inner and one outer

Define Chlorplasts

* They capture energy from sunlight, site of photosynthesis
* Have their own DNA

What is the endosymbiotic theory

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were formerly smaller prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells.

What is the evidence of the endosymbiotic theory

* M and C have their own DNA
* DNA is circular like bacteria
* if M and C are depleted, cell cannot remake them
* Membrane composition similar to bacteriA

Define Viruses

* not cells
* cannot reproduce alone
* outer protein coat
* Protected interior that contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)

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what is usually the size of viruses

\~50nm

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Archaea and Bacteria are what?

Prokaryotes

\[ \] are the most diverse and numerous cells on earth

Prokaryotes are the most diverse

\[ \] show increased complexity

Eukaryotes

The \[ \] is the information store of the cell

Nucleus

\[. \] generates usable energy from food molecules

Mitochondria

\[. \] capture energy from sunlight

chloroplasts

\[. \] create intracellular compartments with different Functions

Internal Membranes

\[. \] is a concentrated aqueous gel of large and small molecules and is far from static

Cytosol

The \[. \] is responsible for directed cell movements

Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells may have originated as what?

predators