Chapter 1 - Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

the study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement

structural kinesiology

__**Reference and body positions**__

* lying on either side with spine flexed
* head flexed toward chest
* extremities flexed
* head drawn to torso

fetal

__**Reference and body positions**__

* lying supine
* hips flexed approximately 45 degrees
* knees flexed approximately 90 degrees
* feet flat on the surface

hook lying (aka dorsal recumbent)

__**Reference and body positions**__

* lying on the side
* knees and hips may be straight or slightly flexed

lateral recumbent (aka lateral decubitus position)

__**Reference and body positions**__

* sitting with legs extended forward
* toes pointed
* trunk erect
* hands on hips

long sitting

__**Reference and body positions**__

* face-downward
* lying on stomach

prone

__**Reference and body positions**__

* sitting upright
* knees flexed
* knees hanging over edge of surface

short sitting

__**Reference and body positions**__

* face upward
* lying on the back

supine

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Anterior

in front or in the front part

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Anteroinferior

in front and below

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Anterolateral

in front and to the outside

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Anteromedial

in front and toward the inner side or midline

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Anteroposterior

relating to both front and near

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Anterosuperior

in front and above

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Bilateral

relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as right and left extremities

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Caudal

below in relation to another structure; inferior

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Caudocephalad

directionally from tail to head in the long axis of the body

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Cephalic

above in relation to another structure; higher, superior

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Cephalocaudal

directionally from head to tail in the long axis of the body

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

contralateral

pertaining or relating to the opposite side

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Deep

Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Dexter

relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of something

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Distal

situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Dorsal

relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Fibular

relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot; also referred to as the peroneal when specifically referring to the lateral leg

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Inferior

below in relation to another structure; caudal

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Inferolateral

below and to the outside

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Inferomedial

below and toward the midline or inside

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Ipsilateral

on the same side

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Lateral

on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Median

relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Medial

relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Palmar

relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Plantar

relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Posterior

behind, in back, or in the rear

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Posteroinferior

behind or in back and below

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Posterolateral

behind and to one side, specifically to the outside

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Posteromedial

behind and to the inner side

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Posterosuperior

behind or in back and above

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Proximal

nearest the trunk or the point of origin

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Proximodistal

from the center of the body out toward the distal end of the appendages

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Radial

relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Rostral

near or toward the head, especially the front of the head

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Scapular Plane

in line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular, which is at angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Sinister

relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of something

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Superficial

near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Superior

above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Superolateral

above and to the outside

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Superomedial

above and toward the midline or inside

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Tibial

relating to the tibial (medial) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Ulnar

relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Ventral

relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of

__**Anatomical directional terminology**__

Volar

relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure

anteversion

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane

kyphosis

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane

lordosis

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

bending backward, as in the knee hyperextension

recurvatum

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure

retroversion

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

lateral curving of the spine

scoliosis

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees

valgus

__**Alignment Variation terminology**__

inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs

varus

**Plane:** Sagittal

divides the body into?

right and left halves

**Plane:** Frontal

divides the body into?

anterior and posterior halves

**Plane:** Transverse

divides the body into?

superior and inferior halves

**Plane:** Sagittal

axis of rotation?

frontal

**Plane**: Frontal

axis of rotation?

sagittal

**Plane:** Transverse

axis of rotation?

vertical

**Plane:** Sagittal

common movements?

flexion, extension

**Plane:** Frontal

common movements?

abduction, adduction

**Plane:** Transverse

common movements?

internal rotation, external rotation

the skeletal system is divided into what two regions?

appendicular and axial

the appendicular skeleton is composed of the?

appendages, upper extremities, lower extremities, shoulder, pelvic girdles

the axial skeleton is composed of the?

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

name the 8 specific regions of the cephalic.

frontal, occipital, orbital, otic, nasal, buccal, oral, mental

name the 6 specific regions of the pelvic.

inguinal, pubic, coxal, sacral, gluteal, perineal

true or false: the appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones and the axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones.

true

which of the following is not a function of bones?

a. protection of vital soft organs like the heart, lungs and brain

b. maintain posture

c. movement and acting as levers

d. storage for minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

e. production of hyaline cartilage

f. hemopoiesis (formation of blood)

e

what are the five types of bones?

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

__**Types of bones**__

what are some examples of long bones?

ulna, femur, humerus, tibia

__**Types of bones**__

what are some examples of short bones?

carpals, tarsals

__**Types of bones**__

what are some examples of flat bones?

scapula, sternum

__**Types of bones**__

what are some examples of irregular bones?

ischium, pubis, maxilla

__**Types of bones**__

what is an example of a sesamoid bones?

patella

__**Types of bones**__

what is the function of long bones?

serve as levers

__**Types of bones**__

what is the function of short bones?

articulate with other bones and provide shock absorption

__**Types of bones**__

what is the function of flat bones?

provide protection

__**Bone features**__

What is the long, cylindrical portion of a long bone called?

diaphysis

__**Bone features**__

The diaphysis wall, formed from hard, dense, compact bone is called the?

cortex

__**Bone features**__

The outer surface of the diaphysis is covered by a dense, fibrous membrane called the?

periosteum

__**Bone features**__

what fibrous membrane covers the inside of the cortex?

endosteum

__**Bone features**__

what part of the bone holds the yellow or fatty marrow?

medullary cavity

__**Bone features**__

what is another name for the growth plate?

epiphyseal plate

__**Bone features**__

the epiphysis is covered by ______ cartilage to provide a cushioning effect and reduce friction

hyaline

new bone is formed by specialized cells called?

osteoblasts

the cells that resorb old bone is called?

osteoclasts

true or false: bones reshape themselves based on the stresses placed upon them

true

what is bone made up of?

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, water

what law states that bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist a particular type of loading?

wolff’s law

essentially, all bone markings can be divided into?

processes and cavities