Studied by 12 people
the study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement
structural kinesiology
Reference and body positions
lying on either side with spine flexed
head flexed toward chest
extremities flexed
head drawn to torso
fetal
Reference and body positions
lying supine
hips flexed approximately 45 degrees
knees flexed approximately 90 degrees
feet flat on the surface
hook lying (aka dorsal recumbent)
Reference and body positions
lying on the side
knees and hips may be straight or slightly flexed
lateral recumbent (aka lateral decubitus position)
Reference and body positions
sitting with legs extended forward
toes pointed
trunk erect
hands on hips
long sitting
Reference and body positions
face-downward
lying on stomach
prone
Reference and body positions
sitting upright
knees flexed
knees hanging over edge of surface
short sitting
Reference and body positions
face upward
lying on the back
supine
Anatomical directional terminology
Anterior
in front or in the front part
Anatomical directional terminology
Anteroinferior
in front and below
Anatomical directional terminology
Anterolateral
in front and to the outside
Anatomical directional terminology
Anteromedial
in front and toward the inner side or midline
Anatomical directional terminology
Anteroposterior
relating to both front and near
Anatomical directional terminology
Anterosuperior
in front and above
Anatomical directional terminology
Bilateral
relating to the right and left sides of the body or of a body structure such as right and left extremities
Anatomical directional terminology
Caudal
below in relation to another structure; inferior
Anatomical directional terminology
Caudocephalad
directionally from tail to head in the long axis of the body
Anatomical directional terminology
Cephalic
above in relation to another structure; higher, superior
Anatomical directional terminology
Cephalocaudal
directionally from head to tail in the long axis of the body
Anatomical directional terminology
contralateral
pertaining or relating to the opposite side
Anatomical directional terminology
Deep
Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Anatomical directional terminology
Dexter
relating to, or situated to the right or on the right side of something
Anatomical directional terminology
Distal
situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin
Anatomical directional terminology
Dorsal
relating to the back, being or located near, on, or toward the back
Anatomical directional terminology
Fibular
relating to the fibular (lateral) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot; also referred to as the peroneal when specifically referring to the lateral leg
Anatomical directional terminology
Inferior
below in relation to another structure; caudal
Anatomical directional terminology
Inferolateral
below and to the outside
Anatomical directional terminology
Inferomedial
below and toward the midline or inside
Anatomical directional terminology
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Anatomical directional terminology
Lateral
on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane
Anatomical directional terminology
Median
relating to, located in, or extending toward the middle; situated in the middle, medial
Anatomical directional terminology
Medial
relating to the middle or center; nearer to the median or midsagittal plane
Anatomical directional terminology
Palmar
relating to the palm or volar aspect of the hand
Anatomical directional terminology
Plantar
relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
Anatomical directional terminology
Posterior
behind, in back, or in the rear
Anatomical directional terminology
Posteroinferior
behind or in back and below
Anatomical directional terminology
Posterolateral
behind and to one side, specifically to the outside
Anatomical directional terminology
Posteromedial
behind and to the inner side
Anatomical directional terminology
Posterosuperior
behind or in back and above
Anatomical directional terminology
Proximal
nearest the trunk or the point of origin
Anatomical directional terminology
Proximodistal
from the center of the body out toward the distal end of the appendages
Anatomical directional terminology
Radial
relating to the radial (lateral) side of the forearm or hand
Anatomical directional terminology
Rostral
near or toward the head, especially the front of the head
Anatomical directional terminology
Scapular Plane
in line with the normal resting position of the scapula as it lies on the posterior rib cage; movements in the scapular plane are in line with the scapular, which is at angle of 30 to 45 degrees from the frontal plane
Anatomical directional terminology
Sinister
relating to, or situated to the left or on the left side of something
Anatomical directional terminology
Superficial
near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue
Anatomical directional terminology
Superior
above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic
Anatomical directional terminology
Superolateral
above and to the outside
Anatomical directional terminology
Superomedial
above and toward the midline or inside
Anatomical directional terminology
Tibial
relating to the tibial (medial) side of the knee, leg, ankle, or foot
Anatomical directional terminology
Ulnar
relating to the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm or hand
Anatomical directional terminology
Ventral
relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part of
Anatomical directional terminology
Volar
relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot
Alignment Variation terminology
abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure
anteversion
Alignment Variation terminology
increased curving of the spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
kyphosis
Alignment Variation terminology
increased curving of the spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
lordosis
Alignment Variation terminology
bending backward, as in the knee hyperextension
recurvatum
Alignment Variation terminology
abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure
retroversion
Alignment Variation terminology
lateral curving of the spine
scoliosis
Alignment Variation terminology
outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
valgus
Alignment Variation terminology
inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in bowlegs
varus
Plane: Sagittal
divides the body into?
right and left halves
Plane: Frontal
divides the body into?
anterior and posterior halves
Plane: Transverse
divides the body into?
superior and inferior halves
Plane: Sagittal
axis of rotation?
frontal
Plane: Frontal
axis of rotation?
sagittal
Plane: Transverse
axis of rotation?
vertical
Plane: Sagittal
common movements?
flexion, extension
Plane: Frontal
common movements?
abduction, adduction
Plane: Transverse
common movements?
internal rotation, external rotation
the skeletal system is divided into what two regions?
appendicular and axial
the appendicular skeleton is composed of the?
appendages, upper extremities, lower extremities, shoulder, pelvic girdles
the axial skeleton is composed of the?
skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
name the 8 specific regions of the cephalic.
frontal, occipital, orbital, otic, nasal, buccal, oral, mental
name the 6 specific regions of the pelvic.
inguinal, pubic, coxal, sacral, gluteal, perineal
true or false: the appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones and the axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones.
true
which of the following is not a function of bones?
a. protection of vital soft organs like the heart, lungs and brain
b. maintain posture
c. movement and acting as levers
d. storage for minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
e. production of hyaline cartilage
f. hemopoiesis (formation of blood)
e
what are the five types of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Types of bones
what are some examples of long bones?
ulna, femur, humerus, tibia
Types of bones
what are some examples of short bones?
carpals, tarsals
Types of bones
what are some examples of flat bones?
scapula, sternum
Types of bones
what are some examples of irregular bones?
ischium, pubis, maxilla
Types of bones
what is an example of a sesamoid bones?
patella
Types of bones
what is the function of long bones?
serve as levers
Types of bones
what is the function of short bones?
articulate with other bones and provide shock absorption
Types of bones
what is the function of flat bones?
provide protection
Bone features
What is the long, cylindrical portion of a long bone called?
diaphysis
Bone features
The diaphysis wall, formed from hard, dense, compact bone is called the?
cortex
Bone features
The outer surface of the diaphysis is covered by a dense, fibrous membrane called the?
periosteum
Bone features
what fibrous membrane covers the inside of the cortex?
endosteum
Bone features
what part of the bone holds the yellow or fatty marrow?
medullary cavity
Bone features
what is another name for the growth plate?
epiphyseal plate
Bone features
the epiphysis is covered by ______ cartilage to provide a cushioning effect and reduce friction
hyaline
new bone is formed by specialized cells called?
osteoblasts
the cells that resorb old bone is called?
osteoclasts
true or false: bones reshape themselves based on the stresses placed upon them
true
what is bone made up of?
calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, water
what law states that bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist a particular type of loading?
wolff’s law
essentially, all bone markings can be divided into?
processes and cavities
Note
Flashcard