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Sensory receptors of the Organ of Corti are responsible for converting sound waves into an electrical signal that can be interpreted in the auditory cortex. The hair cells responsible for this are considered:
Mechanical Receptors
Which term is used to describe decreased sensitivity to a faint sound when exposed to it for an extended period of time?
Sensory Adaption
According to Weber’s Law, the larger the initial stimulus intensity:
the larger the difference required to be detected
Which of the following outlines correctly a sensory pathway for eyesight?
Photoreceptors, optic nerve, thalamus, occipital lobe
What are the functions of photoreceptors such as rods and cones?
Rods are highly photosensitive and detect dim light while cones are weakly photosensitive and detect color
An image shown in the left visual field will be carried to the brain via the:
Left nasal retina
The lens of the eye can become less flexible with age, leading to problems with vision such as:
Difficulty seeing objects up close
The huma eye is able to simultaneously process visual information such as shape, color, and movement. What is the scientific term for this phenomenon?
Parallel processing
Which of the following is not found in the inner ear?
Auricle, cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibulocochlear nerve
Auricle
The vestibular sense is produced by:
the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals
What is the correct outline for the primary auditory pathway?
sound waves, mechanoreceptors, auditory nerve, thalamus, waves cortex
What is the role of the round window attached to the cochlea in the inner ear?
Bulges as fluid pushes against it after being compressed by the oval window
Somatosensation refers primarily to:
sensations felt throughout the body such as pain and temperature, one’s sense of their body’s position in space, and one’s sense of their internal environment
Gustatory receptors are organized into taste buds that are found in:
Papillae
Which terms correctly describe the receptors implicated in olfaction?
Odorant specific, GPCRs, Chemoreceptors
What sense involves receptors in joints?
Kinesthetic sense
Interpreting an event within the context of past experiences/knowledge is considered:
Top-Down Processing
What is Gestalt’s Theory based on?
Arranging, categorizing, and organizing stimuli
What correct labels apply to retinal height, retinal disparity, and relative size? (Molecular or Binocular depth cues)
Monocular: Retinal height, and relative size
Binocular: Retinal disparity
The tendency for intersecting lines to be perceived as uninterrupted/smooth is aligned with which Gestalt principle?
Continuation
Jake is able to talk to his friend on the phone while petting his dog and thinking about what to have for dinner. What ability is Jake demonstrating?
Divided attention
Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development?
Sensiomotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Airplane companies report that ticket sales plummet immediately after highly publicized plane crashes. What bias most likely explain the decline in ticket sales?
Availability
What is Spearman’s Theory?
Definition: A psychological theory proposing that intelligence consists of a general factor, often referred to as "g," which influences performance across various cognitive tasks. This theory suggests that individuals possess a baseline level of cognitive ability that affects their skills in specific areas, such as verbal and mathematical reasoning. It emphasizes the importance of this general intelligence in predicting overall intellectual performance.
What is Gardner’s Theory?
Definition: A psychological framework proposing that intelligence is not a single entity but rather a collection of distinct types. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. This theory emphasizes the diversity of human capabilities and suggests that traditional IQ tests may not fully capture an individual's strengths.
Who created a theory that focuses on multiple abilities rather than a single general intelligence?
Louis Thurstone
What did Sternberg do?
He developed a triarchic theory of intelligence, which includes analytical, creative, and practical components. He also contributed significantly to understanding emotional intelligence and the role of context in cognitive processes. His work emphasizes the importance of real-world problem-solving and adapting to various situations.
Beta Waves
A type of brain wave that occurs during active thinking, problem-solving, and focused mental activity. These waves are associated with alertness, concentration, and cognitive engagement. Their frequency ranges from 12 to 30 Hz, indicating a state of wakefulness and active information processing.
Alpha Waves
These brainwave patterns are associated with a relaxed yet alert state of mind, typically occurring when a person is awake but calm. They range from 8 to 12 Hz in frequency and are often present during meditation or light sleep. These waves play a role in promoting creativity and reducing anxiety.
Theta Waves
These brainwave patterns occur during light sleep, deep meditation, and relaxation. They are associated with creativity, intuition, and daydreaming. Their frequency ranges from 4 to 8 Hz, indicating a state of reduced consciousness and heightened imagination. Often linked to the early stages of sleep, they play a role in memory consolidation and emotional regulation.
Delta Waves
These are the slowest brainwaves, typically ranging from 0.5 to 4 Hz. They are associated with deep sleep and restorative processes in the body. During this state, the body is in a healing phase, and it's crucial for physical recovery and growth. High levels of these waves indicate deep, dreamless sleep, which is essential for overall health and well-being.
Melatonin
released by the pineal gland at night and regulates sleep-wake cycles
Norepinephrine
helps mobilize the body for fight or flight responses
Insulin
involved in regulation of metabolism
Oxytocin
produces uterine contractions during labor and contributes to lactation
Q: What is parasomnia?
Parasomnia refers to abnormal behaviors, movements, or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, or sleep talking. It often occurs during transitions between sleep stages and can disrupt sleep quality.
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep. This can lead to fragmented sleep and decreased oxygen levels in the body. Common symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air during sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. It can be classified into obstructive, central, or complex types. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, CPAP machines, or surgery.
Dyssomnia
Dyssomnia refers to a category of sleep disorders characterized by difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep, or excessive sleepiness.
Narcolepsy
A neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden sleep attacks, and disrupted nighttime sleep. It may involve cataplexy, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. The exact cause is often linked to a deficiency in hypocretin, a neurotransmitter that regulates wakefulness. Treatment typically includes medications and lifestyle adjustments to manage symptoms.
What is the correct order of stages when a person first falls asleep?
1,2,3, REM
What is the correct order of steps through which new information is learned and recalled?
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
What is the serial position effect?
Recalling only the first and last members of a sequence of information
Working memory
prior knowledge and skills can be applied to new information in order to serve a purpose such as making a decision
Sensory Memory
the brief registration of perceptual information by the senses
Recognition memory
results in the determination of whether a stimulus is familiar or not
Episodic memory
Memory regarding one’s own experience
Source monitoring error
when a person misremembers the source of a memory
Phoneme
The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning. For example, changing one of these in a word can alter its meaning entirely, such as in "bat" vs. "pat." These units are crucial for understanding spoken language and phonetics.
Morpheme
The smallest unit of meaning in a language. It can be a word or a part of a word, such as a prefix or suffix.
Pragmatics
refers to shared cultural understandings that contribute to the meanings of words over and above their literal meaning
Syntax
refers to rules governing the correct order of words in a language
Underextension error
This occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly, applying it to fewer objects than it actually describes. For example, a child might call only their pet dog "dog" and not recognize other dogs as part of the same category. This reflects a developing understanding of language and categorization.
Behaviorist
Key psychological perspective focusing on observable behaviors rather than internal thoughts or feelings. Techniques often involve reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior.
Skinnerian
A behavioral theory that emphasizes the influence of the environment on behavior, focusing on observable actions rather than internal thoughts or feelings. It involves reinforcement and punishment as key components in shaping behavior. Developed by a prominent psychologist, this approach is often associated with experiments involving animals and operant conditioning.
Nativist
A perspective in linguistics that argues language acquisition is an innate ability, suggesting humans are born with a natural capacity for language development.
Interactionist
A theoretical perspective in sociology that emphasizes the importance of social interactions, and the meanings individuals attach to them. It focuses on how people create and interpret symbols in everyday life, shaping their identities and social realities.
According to Ekman, what is the nonuniversal emotion?
Jealousy
Schacter-Singer Theory
emotions result from the interpretations of physiological changes in light or contextual influences
James-Lange Theory
This psychological theory posits that an emotional experience is the result of the awareness of physiological responses to stimuli. For example, we feel fear because we tremble, or we feel happy because we smile. It emphasizes the sequence: stimulus → physiological response → emotion.
Cannon-Bard Theory
A psychological theory that posits emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently in response to stimuli. It suggests that the experience of emotion is not dependent on the interpretation of physiological changes.
Example: When encountering a bear, you feel fear and your heart races at the same time, rather than one causing the other.
Primary Appraisal
The initial evaluation process where an individual assesses a situation to determine if it poses a threat, challenge, or is irrelevant. This assessment influences emotional responses and coping strategies. It considers potential harm, loss, or benefit associated with the event.
Secondary Appraisal
The process of evaluating the resources and options available to cope with a stressor after an initial assessment of its significance. This stage involves determining one's ability to manage or respond to the challenge, influencing emotional responses and coping strategies. It plays a crucial role in how individuals perceive and react to stress.
What stage of General Adaption Syndrome can be described informally as the fight or flight response?
Alarm
A neural pathway that controls a reflex without necessarily being processed by the brain is known as what?
Reflex arc
CAT Scan
This method combines X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images of bones, organs, and tissues. It's commonly used to diagnose conditions like tumors, internal injuries, and diseases.
fMRI
This method detects changes in blood flow and oxygenation, allowing researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during specific tasks. It is non-invasive and provides high spatial resolution, making it valuable for studying brain function and diagnosing conditions.
EEG Scan
This method is used to diagnose conditions like epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain activity during different states of consciousness. It provides insights into brain function and is often used in research and clinical settings.
MRI
A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body. It is particularly useful for visualizing soft tissues and the brain, and does not involve ionizing radiation. Commonly used for diagnosing conditions, monitoring treatment, and guiding procedures.
Prolactin
hormone essential for milk production
Follicle stimulating hormone
Is a gonadotropin that is essential to pubertal development in both sexes
Luteinizing Hormone
Is a gonadotropin that is essential to pubertal development in both sexes
Chorionic gonadotropin
Gonadotropin essential for a mother’s body to detect a pregnancy in its early stages
What hormone does the adrenal glands secrete?
Cortisol
In Freudian Theory which component of personality corresponds to one’s moral conscience?
Superego
The ID in Freudian Theory is…
the unconscious source of biological urges
Bandura’s Theory focuses on what?
how behavior is learned from the observation of others
Skinner’s theory focuses on what?
focuses on how behaviors are learned via reinforcement and punishment
Neuroticism
A tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and irritability. Individuals high in this trait may react more intensely to stress and perceive situations as threatening. They often struggle with emotional stability and may have difficulty coping with challenges.
What is dysthymia?
a form of depression that lasts a relatively long time
Factitious Disorder
A mental health condition where an individual deliberately produces or exaggerates symptoms of illness to assume the role of a patient.
Do SSRI’s help or aggravate Parkinson’s?
Aggravate
Intrinsic motivation
engaging in an activity for its own sake, rather than for external rewards or pressures.
Expectancy Theory
motivation based on the belief that effort leads to performance, performance leads to outcomes, and those outcomes are valued by the individual.
Arousal Theory
theory suggesting that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
Self-efficacy
perceived control of ones actions
Hawthorne effect
when individuals change their behavior upon the knowledge of being observed
Social facilitation
suggests that individuals perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
Bystander effect
where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
Normative conformity
A type of social influence where individuals change their beliefs or behaviors to fit in with a group, often to gain acceptance or avoid rejection.
Informational influence
A type of social influence where individuals conform to the beliefs or behaviors of a group because they see the group as a source of accurate information.
Informational influence
Deindividuation
loss of awareness and responsibility that can occur in group settings
Internalization
A process where individuals adopt the values, beliefs, and norms of a group or culture as their own.
What is an example of operant learning?
behaving in a way that elicits a reward or avoids punishment
Variable ratio
A reinforcement schedule where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses. Commonly seen in gambling and certain games of chance.
Fixed ration
A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded only after a specified number of responses have been made. Commonly seen in scenarios like piecework pay in jobs.
Variable interval
A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. Commonly seen in behaviors reinforced by random rewards, like checking social media for notifications.
Fixed interval
A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has passed. Examples include receiving a paycheck every two weeks or scheduled exams in a course.
What is a social more?
something that represents a social norm with a morally based expectation
Formal sanction
a punishment carried out by an institution in response to deviant behavior such as being sent to the principal’s office
Anomie
This condition occurs when individuals feel disconnected from the collective conscience, leading to feelings of isolation and purposelessness.
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