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MODULE 1: Introduction to Theory

Q: What is the difference between philosophy and theory in nursing?

A: Philosophy is a broad worldview about reality and knowledge; theory is a specific framework that explains how and why nursing phenomena occur.

Q: Name the five fundamental patterns of knowing by Carper.

A: Empirics, Aesthetics, Personal, Ethical, Emancipatory.

Q: What is praxis in nursing?

A: The integration of theory (knowing) and practice (doing) in real-life nursing.

Q: What is Two-Eyed Seeing?

A: An approach that integrates Indigenous knowledge with Western science for holistic nursing care.

MODULE 2: Philosophy of Science

Q: What is Karl Popper known for?

A: Falsifiability—scientific theories must be testable and disprovable.

Q: What is Thomas Kuhn’s major contribution?

A: The idea of paradigm shifts in science.

Q: What does Sandra Harding advocate in feminist epistemology?

A: Strong objectivity and standpoint theory.

Q: Name the five paradigms common in nursing research.

A: Positivism, Post-Positivism, Constructivism, Critical Theory, Pragmatism.

MODULE 4: Grand Theories

Q: What is the focus of Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory?

A: Using the environment to aid healing.

Q: What are the 14 Basic Needs in Henderson’s Need Theory?

A: Breathing, eating, elimination, movement, sleep, dressing, temperature, hygiene, safety, communication, faith, work, play, learning.

Q: Name the three overlapping components in Lydia Hall’s theory.

A: Care (nursing), Cure (medicine), Core (patient).

Q: What is the focus of Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring?

A: Transpersonal relationships and holistic care.

MODULE 5: Evaluating Nursing Theory

Q: What are Chinn & Kramer’s criteria for evaluating theory?

A: Clarity, Simplicity, Generality, Empirical Precision, Consequences.

MODULE 6: Orem & King

Q: What are the three sub-theories in Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory?

A: Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, Nursing Systems.

Q: What are the three types of nursing systems in Orem’s theory?

A: Wholly compensatory, partly compensatory, supportive-educative.

Q: What is the key focus of King’s Theory of Goal Attainment?

A: Nurse-client interactions leading to mutual goal setting and achievement.

Q: Name King’s three interacting systems.

A: Personal, Interpersonal, Social.

MODULE 7: Culture and Safety

Q: What are the three cultural care practices in Leininger’s theory?

A: Preservation, Accommodation, Repatterning.

Q: What is the goal of Cultural Safety and TSVIC?

A: To recognize and address power imbalances and trauma in care.

MODULE 8: Middle-Range Theories

Q: What is the purpose of Meleis’ Transitions Theory?

A: To guide care during life changes affecting health and identity.

Q: What are Kolcaba’s three types of comfort?

A: Relief, Ease, Transcendence.

Q: What are the four contexts of comfort in Kolcaba’s theory?

A: Physical, Psychospiritual, Sociocultural, Environmental.

MODULE 10: Reproductive Justice & Emancipated Decision-Making

Q: What are the three core tenets of Reproductive Justice?

A: Right not to have a child, right to have a child, right to parent in safe environments.

Q: What is Emancipated Decision-Making (Wittman-Price)?

A: A model to support informed, autonomous health decisions free of coercion.

MODULE 11: Practice-Level Theories

Q: What does the NDB model aim to explain?

A: Behavioral symptoms in dementia as expressions of unmet needs

Q: What are the six senses in the Senses Framework?

A: Security, Belonging, Continuity, Purpose, Achievement, Significance.

Q: What is the focus of the Peaceful End of Life Theory?

A: Promoting dignity, comfort, and peace at the end of life.

Q: What are the six “S” concepts in the 6S Model for Palliative Care?

A: Self-image, Symptom relief, Synthesis, Strategies, Social relationships, Self-determination.

Middle-range theories in nursing are primarily focused on:

B) Specific nursing interventions related to a particular health phenomenon ✅

What is the primary purpose of practice theories in nursing?

B) To provide frameworks for specific nursing practices ✅

Descriptive theories in nursing are used to:

B) Describe phenomena without providing explanations ✅

1. Florence Nightingale – Environmental Theory

Key Idea: Health is influenced by the environment (cleanliness, light, ventilation, etc.).

Application: Maintain a clean, quiet, and well-lit environment for healing.

Example: A nurse ensures proper lighting and hygiene in a patient’s room post-surgery to support recovery.

2. Imogene King – General Systems Theory

Key Idea: Patients are open systems interacting with their environment.

Application: Coordinate care by understanding patient relationships and goals.

Example: In discharge planning, involve family and community services for better patient support.

3. Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, Mary Ann Swain – Modeling and Role Modeling Theory

Key Idea: Care should reflect the patient’s worldview.

Application: Build trust and provide care aligned with the patient’s values.

Example: A nurse customizes pain management strategies based on a patient's cultural beliefs.

4. Madeleine Leininger – Transcultural Nursing

Key Idea: Culture affects health beliefs and practices.

Application: Provide culturally congruent care.

Example: A nurse accommodates dietary preferences for a patient observing Ramadan.

5. Myra Estrine Levine – Conservation Model

Key Idea: Promote health by conserving energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity.

Application: Support adaptation and minimize energy loss.

Example: Cluster care tasks to let a post-op patient rest more and recover energy.

6. Kristen Swanson – Theory of Caring

Key Idea: Caring processes include knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintaining belief.

Application: Provide emotional and physical support with empathy.

Example: Sit with a grieving family member and simply offer presence and comfort.

7. Margaret Newman – Health as Expanding Consciousness

Key Idea: Health is an evolving process of awareness and meaning-making.

Application: Support patients in finding purpose in illness.

Example: Help a terminally ill patient reflect on life experiences as part of spiritual care.

8. Patricia Benner – From Novice to Expert

Key Idea: Nurses grow through experiential learning.

Application: Support mentoring and real-world learning.

Example: A preceptor guides a novice nurse through clinical decision-making.

9. Ida Jean Orlando – Nursing Process Theory

Key Idea: Effective nursing requires responding to the patient's immediate needs.

Application: Use a dynamic care process—assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate.

Example: A nurse modifies a care plan after noticing new symptoms in a patient.

10. Rosemarie Parse – Human Becoming Theory

Key Idea: Health is defined by the individual and is a process of becoming.

Application: Support patients' personal growth and meaning-making.

Example: Help a chronic illness patient identify goals that bring personal fulfillment.

11. Jean Watson – Transpersonal Caring

Key Idea: Caring relationships are healing and sacred.

Application: Build deep nurse-patient connections.

Example: A hospice nurse provides spiritual comfort, respecting the patient’s belief system.

12. Dorothea Orem – Self-Care Theory

Key Idea: Patients can care for themselves; nurses support deficits.

Application: Encourage patient independence.

Example: Teach a diabetic patient to administer insulin independently.

13. Virginia Henderson – Need Theory

Key Idea: Nurses help patients achieve independence by meeting 14 basic needs.

Application: Holistically assess physical, psychological, and social needs.

Example: Help a stroke patient regain skills like feeding or dressing.

14. Hildegard Peplau – Interpersonal Relations Theory

Key Idea: The nurse-patient relationship has therapeutic potential.

Application: Establish trust and work through relationship phases.

Example: A psychiatric nurse uses active listening during a crisis intervention.

15. Martha Rogers – Science of Unitary Human Beings

Key Idea: Patients are energy fields connected with the universe.

Application: Use noninvasive modalities and focus on the whole person.

Example: Incorporate therapeutic touch or guided imagery for chronic pain.

16. Callista Roy – Adaptation Model

Key Idea: Health is adaptation to changes.

Application: Help patients adapt through physiological and psychosocial support.

Example: Teach coping skills to a new amputee adjusting to limb loss.

17. Judith Wittman-Price – Emancipated Decision-Making in Health Care

Key Idea: Patients should be empowered to make informed choices about their health.

Application: Foster autonomy and provide information in culturally sensitive ways.

Example: A nurse uses simple language and visual aids to explain treatment options to a patient with limited health literacy.

18. Josephine Paterson & Loretta Zderad – Humanistic Nursing Theory

Key Idea: Nursing is a human-to-human relationship grounded in empathy and presence.

Application: Be present, listen deeply, and validate patient experiences.

Example: A nurse actively listens without judgment to a patient discussing their fears about surgery.

19. Lydia Hall – Core, Care, and Cure Model

Key Idea: Nursing care should balance emotional (core), physical (cure), and interpersonal (care) needs.

Application: Provide holistic care addressing all three components.

Example: While managing a wound (cure), a nurse also supports the patient’s emotional concerns (core) and builds trust (care).

20. Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer – Nursing as Caring Theory

Key Idea: Caring is the essence of nursing and must be expressed in all interactions.

Application: Emphasize authentic presence and mutual respect in practice.

Example: A nurse greets every patient by name and sits at their eye level during discussions to build trust.

21. Katie Eriksson – Theory of Caritative Caring

Key Idea: True caring is based on love, charity, and ethics.

Application: Care for the patient’s dignity, not just symptoms.

Example: A palliative care nurse gently brushes a patient’s hair and prays with them upon request.

22. Faye Abdellah – Twenty-One Nursing Problems Theory

Key Idea: Nursing addresses 21 patient-centered problems through a problem-solving approach.

Application: Assess a wide range of patient needs systematically.

Example: A nurse documents a care plan that includes emotional, spiritual, and hygienic needs of a newly admitted elderly patient.

23. Dorothy Johnson – Behavioral System Model

Key Idea: The patient is a behavioral system with seven subsystems (achievement, dependency, etc.).

Application: Promote balance and stability in each subsystem.

Example: A pediatric nurse encourages play (achievement subsystem) in a hospitalized child to reduce anxiety.

24. Marilyn Anne Ray – Theory of Bureaucratic Caring

Key Idea: Caring exists within healthcare systems and must balance compassion with structure.

Application: Advocate for caring practices even in highly regulated environments.

Example: A nurse advocates for a patient-centered policy change in a hospital that prioritizes efficiency over empathy.

25. Katherine Kolcaba – Comfort Theory

Key Idea: Comfort includes relief, ease, and transcendence in physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental contexts.

Application: Assess and meet comfort needs to improve outcomes.

Example: A hospice nurse provides heated blankets, spiritual counseling, and family presence for a dying patient.

26. Georgene Eakes, Mary Burke, Margaret Hainsworth – Theory of Chronic Sorrow

Key Idea: Chronic sorrow is a normal, ongoing grief response to permanent loss.

Application: Validate and support long-term emotional challenges.

Example: A nurse checks in regularly with the parent of a child with a disability to offer support and resources.

27. Cornelia Ruland & Shirley Moore – Peaceful End-of-Life Theory

Key Idea: End-of-life care should prioritize peace, dignity, and comfort.

Application: Provide calm, respectful, and personalized palliative care.

Example: A nurse facilitates a bedside vigil and spiritual music for a dying patient per their family's wishes.

28. Cheryl Tatano Beck – Postpartum Depression Theory

Key Idea: PPD is shaped by emotional, social, and psychological factors—not just biology.

Application: Screen and support women postpartum, validating their feelings.

Example: A nurse arranges a home visit and mental health referral for a mother struggling with bonding.

29. Wanda de Aguiar Horta – Theory of Basic Human Needs

Key Idea: Nursing addresses physiological, psychological, and social human needs.

Application: Use a needs-based assessment to plan care.

Example: A nurse evaluates a post-stroke patient's emotional and family support alongside physical rehab needs.

30. Ramona T. Mercer – Maternal Role Attainment Theory

Key Idea: Becoming a mother is a transition influenced by support, self-concept, and infant bonding.

Application: Support maternal confidence and adaptation.

Example: A public health nurse facilitates a support group for new moms to share experiences and build skills.

31. Afaf Meleis – Transitions Theory

Key Idea: Health transitions (illness, life changes) impact well-being.

Application: Support patients during major life/health transitions.

Example: A nurse supports a teen adjusting to a new diabetes diagnosis by providing education and emotional support.

32. Joyce Travelbee – Human-to-Human Relationship Model

Key Idea: Nursing is a human connection formed through empathy and meaningful interaction.

Application: Engage with patients beyond their diagnoses.

Example: A nurse listens to a lonely patient talk about their life before illness, fostering trust and emotional healing.

33. Martha E. Rogers – Science of Unitary Human Beings

Key Idea: Humans and the environment are energy fields in constant interaction.

Application: Use non-invasive, holistic interventions to promote harmony.

Example: A nurse uses therapeutic touch to reduce anxiety in a chemotherapy patient.

34. Phil Barker – Tidal Model (Mental Health Recovery)

Key Idea: Recovery is like navigating tides—patients are experts in their own mental health journey.

Application: Co-create care plans with patients based on their narratives.

Example: A mental health nurse helps a patient write a personal story to reflect on their recovery process.

35. Carolyn Wiener & Marilyn Dodd – Theory of Illness Trajectory

Key Idea: Chronic illness unfolds in phases that affect patient behavior and emotions.

Application: Tailor care to match the phase of illness (onset, stable, crisis, etc.).

Example: A nurse supports a heart failure patient preparing for long-term palliative care as their condition declines.

36. Pamela G. Reed – Self-Transcendence Theory

Key Idea: Growth occurs when people connect with others and life’s bigger meaning, especially during crisis.

Application: Help patients find meaning and purpose in adversity.

Example: A nurse encourages a cancer patient to engage in art therapy to express and explore their life journey.

37. Nola Pender – Health Promotion Model

Key Idea: Health behaviors are influenced by experiences, self-efficacy, and perceived barriers/benefits.

Application: Encourage lifestyle changes through education and confidence-building.

Example: A nurse creates a walking group to motivate older adults to stay active and reduce cardiovascular risk.

38. Kathryn E. Barnard – Child Health Assessment Model

Key Idea: A child's health is influenced by environment, development, and caregiver relationships.

Application: Use holistic assessment tools for pediatric care.

Example: A nurse includes a developmental screening and observes mother-child interactions during a home visit.

39. M. Elizabeth Carnegie – Advancement of Black Nurses

Key Idea: Advocacy for racial equality in nursing education and leadership.

Application: Promote diversity, inclusion, and equitable care.

Example: A nurse mentors nursing students from underrepresented backgrounds to support leadership development.

40. Lillian Holland Harvey – Community Health & Education Focus

Key Idea: Emphasized culturally sensitive community nursing and education.

Application: Tailor public health interventions to specific community needs.

Example: A nurse organizes a culturally specific breastfeeding education class for immigrant mothers.

41. Dr. Marie Battiste – Indigenous Ways of Knowing

Key Idea: Indigenous knowledge and healing practices are vital to holistic nursing care.

Application: Incorporate traditional knowledge and respect Indigenous worldviews.

Example: A nurse collaborates with an Elder to integrate smudging and storytelling into patient care.