european union

What are the 7 core values of the EU?

Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, human rights, and minority rights.

What were the original "three fundamental freedoms" under the Treaty of Rome?

Free movement of goods, services, capital, and persons.

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

Environmental, economic, and social sustainability.

What is the EU’s 2030 renewable energy target?

42.5% of total energy consumption from renewables.

What was the goal of the EU’s 20/20/20 policy?

20% reduction in GHG emissions, 20% renewable energy share, and 20% energy efficiency improvement by 2020.

What is REPowerEU’s solar energy target?

Double solar capacity by 2030, with mandatory solar panels on new buildings.

Why was Spain’s "sun tax" controversial?

It imposed fees on solar panel users, discouraging renewable energy adoption.

What is the world’s largest solar-thermal plant?

Silkeborg Solar Thermal Heating Plant (Denmark), heating 40,000 homes.

What are the Copenhagen Criteria for joining the EU?

Stable democracy, rule of law, functioning market economy, and adoption of EU laws (acquis).

How many countries are in the Schengen Area?

29 countries (as of 2024, including Romania and Bulgaria).

What is Frontex?

EU agency managing external border security and migration.It coordinates border control efforts among member states and implements measures to enhance security.

What are the three phases of TEN-T projects?

Core Network (2030), Extended Core (2040), Comprehensive Network (2050).

What is Rail Baltica?

A high-speed rail linking Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland to Western Europe.

How did the Oresund Crossing benefit Denmark and Sweden?

Boosted trade, created jobs, and enabled commuting between Copenhagen and Malmö.

Which EU fund supports poorer member states?

The Cohesion Fund (for countries with GNI < 90% of EU average).

What is the Gini coefficient?

A measure of income inequality (0 = perfect equality, 1 = maximum inequality).

Define acquis communautaire.

The body of EU laws and obligations that new members must adopt.

What is "deepening" in the EU context?

Strengthening integration (e.g., Eurozone, common policies).