Vehicle Stops, Searches, and Inventories

A vehicle stop is a form of __________ involving the protection of the 4th Amendment.

seizure

The minimum level of proof necessary to conduct a vehicle stop for possible involvement in criminal activity is __________.

reasonable suspicion

A __________ is a warrantless stop based upon probable cause that a traffic infraction has occurred.

traffic stop

Checkpoints require a non-random, well-conceived and structured plan, leaving __________ to the officers operating the checkpoint.

no discretion

The case __________ held that temporary detention of the vehicle based on probable cause to believe that traffic laws had been broken did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

Whren v. U.S. (1996)

Officers can conduct a search incident to arrest of the passenger compartment if it is reasonable to believe that the arrestee might __________ the vehicle at the time of the search.

access

The Carroll Doctrine states that a search of an automobile does not need a warrant but still requires __________ that seizable items are contained in the vehicle.

probable cause

A search conducted under the inventory search exception must follow __________ to eliminate uncontrolled discretion.

standardized policies

The case __________ ruled that the Government's attachment of a GPS tracker to the vehicle, without a warrant, constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment.

U.S. v. Jones (2012)