PolSci 324

How many members of UN?

193

Key structure of the security council

15 members, 5 permanent 10 elected every 2 years

What article dictates the number of members in the security council

Article 23

What are the key obligations of the UNSC

give up use of force except in self defence

carry out UNSC decisions

provide military resources

What is Article 24 of the UN Charter

take any action necessary to respond to threats of peace and security

What is Article 25 of the UN Charter

decisions of the UNSC shall be accepted and carried out by all UN members.

What is article 39 of the UN Charter

UNSC will determine the existence of threats to peace, breach to peace of act of aggression and measure what action will be taken to restore peace

What is Article 41 of the UN Charter

decide on measures not involving the use of armed force

What is Article 42 of the UN Charter

authorizes the UNSC to take military action to restore international peace and security.

What is article 43 of the UN Charter

establishes arrangements for member states to make military forces available to the UN for peacekeeping missions.

What is article 46 of the UN Charter

plans for the application of armed forces will be made by the UNSC with the Military Staff Committee

What is article 49 of the UN Charter

Members should offer mutual assistance to the decisions of the UNSC

What is Article 51 of the UN Charter

nothing in the charter should impair the right of self-defence

why is the UNSC special

only body with authority to take action in defence of the collective authority

every member of the UN is legally bound to the decisions of UNSC

what 2 recent moves have shifted the type of UNSC authority?

Impounding assets of individuals: smart sanctions against individuals

broad requirement that all states must conform to some policy framework created by the UNSC

Why is the UNSC new policy framework controversial?

It infringes on domestic laws of states

How does the UNSC create compliance?

Combination of political suasion and threat of military

How is resolution often reached within the UNSC

Negotiations and compromise

What are peace-enforcement missions

Coercive invasions of countries to eliminate a threat

What are peace-keeping missions

negotiated between the UN and states and are given the consent of the state they are operating in

What are the 3 components of peacekeeping missions

Impartial between the sides in the conflict

Authorised to use force only to defend their own lives

Consent to by relevant governments

How are peacekeeping missions negotiated

They are created around the terms that the target state can agree to and aims to get states to voluntarily follow the councils wishes

What are the components of peace-enforcement

military force is not neutral or consensual

authorised to wage war to accomplish the councils goal

What is a constraint of the UN

no military resources and relies on voluntary contributions

Who negotiated the use and application of troops within the UNSC

The Secretary-General or members of the council negotiate troop deployment decisions.

How are members rewarded for their troops?

Paid a per diem reimbursement but they are below the cost of the troops

How does the council use peace-enforcement

As a leverage tool to induce change

what was the historic purpose of international law?

providing the rules to create relations between states and international courts to settle legal disputes peacefully

what is state security

security of borders, control over population, freedom from interference in sovereignty

what is human security

should take precedence over state security

protection of individuals from violence

what are new challenges facing international law

terrorism and weapons of mass destruction

what are pieces of security governance

a global IGO

norms on the use of force

international conventions

regional collective defense treaties

enforcement mechanisms

peaceful settlement mechanisms

peacekeeping

humanitarian intervention

peace building

what is impact regional security arrangements

traditional alliances - formal or informal for mutual aid or incase of an attack

collective defense organisations - more institutional development

Pact of Paris or Kellogg-Briand Pact

condemn recluse of war for the solution of international controversies and renounce it as an instrument to self defense

when can self-defence be used

when attacked first

self-determination

replace illegitimate regimes

correct past injustices

who establishes the basis for human rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights and the conventions of torture, genocide, refugees and child, principle of nondiscrimination

What does Article 1 of the UN Charter

basis for crimes of humanity

crimes against humanity

attack against civilians

enslavement

deportation

imprisonment or deprivation of liberty

torture

rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, pregnancy and sterilisation

persecution

enforced disappearance of persons

what is the warning around victims of human rights violations

may be compelled to have recourse and have a moral right to resist

what is the just war tradition

ethical bases for using force other than self-defence

what are elements of just war (7)

right of authority

just cause

right intentions

last resort

proportionality

reasonable hope of achieving desired outcome

relatively rapid withdrawal of forces

le droit d’ingerence

right to interfere

sovereignty and peace

sovereignty can’t stand in the way of response to aggression and threats

hard realists dealing with threats of force

states likely use of force, balance between states

soft realists dealing with threats of force

diplomacy and mediation and the role of international organisations and states other than great powers

liberal dealing with threats of force

supporters of international law and organisations as approaches to peace and have roles for parties outside a conflict situation

who contributes to the peace process

NGOs, IGOs, individuals, ad hoc groups

what are mechanisms for third-party roles in peaceful settlement

good offices, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, adjudication and arbitration

what is preventative diplomacy

action to prevent disputes from arising between parties or prevent disputes from escalating into conflicts

what is preventative diplomacy partnered with

economic sanctions or arms embargo

how has preventative diplomacy been increased by the UNSC

increased intelligence gathering capacity for threatening situations

what does the OSCE High Commissioner for National Minorities do

independent, impartial noncersive problem solving mechanism

what are the two principle instruments for conflict prevention

early action and early warning

what is mediation

mode of negotiation where a third party helps the parties find a solution they couldn’t find by themselves

what happens when states dont offer forces

private solutions such as hiring companies

what does the UN’s Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) do

determining the exact force requirements, seeking contingents and logistics and appointing the UN force commander

what do peacekeeping operations rely on

ad hoc, military, civilian or police units

what is the advantages of peacekeeping

small number of troops

no aggressor needs to be identified

what are the limitations of peacekeeping with civil wars

it is also imposing foreign rule which is the logic of colonialism

what is a bargaining model

specific types of sanctions are integrated with to effect a step-by-step change process with rewards for taking successive steps in the desired direction

what is adjudication and arbitration

taking a dispute to an impartial third party for binding decisions

what is collective security

peace is indivisible and all states have a collective interest in countering aggression, assumes aggressors will be deterred by a united threat

what is the limitation of UNSC with collective action

the veto power assures no collective measures will be taken against any of them

what the security roles of regional organisations

complement the UN by providing alternative avenues for peaceful settlement but need authorisation by the UN

what is first generation peacekeeping

contain or stabilise fighting until negotiations produce a lasting peace agreement, provided impartial settlement

what is second generation peace keeping

involves both civilian and military activity and multidimensional tasks, involves NGOs

activities like human rights education, organising elections

third generation peace keeping

absence of consent from all parties and need for greater force

blur the line between peacekeeping and enforcement action

what are international agreements

frameworks, instruments, bilateral and multilateral agreements

what is a treaty

instruments binding at international law

intended to create legal rights and duties

concluded by states or international organisations

governed by international law

in writing

multi or bilateral

comes into force once signed by party signatories

what is a convention

thematic or specialised international issues

rules to solve issues that affects larger part of the world

multilateral

drafted and executed by an international body

comes into force when agreed minimum number of parties agree to convention

what is a charter

formal and solemn instruments

what is a declaration

delcatory, state aspirations and is not usually legally binding

what is a protocol

subsidiary to treaty/convention/agreement with provisions that implements the agreement

can establish additional rights and obligations

what are global commons

parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdiction and to which all nations have access

what are the 4 global commons

the high seas

antartica

atmosphere

outer space

what are the recent additions to global commons

rain forests, biodiversity and the internet/cyberspace

what is UNCLOS

United Nations convention on the law of the sea

what rights do countries have in the territorial sea

territorial sovereignty

fishery rights

rights to minerals

what rights do countries have in the exclusive economic zone

exclusive economic rights to marine resources, including fishing and mineral extraction

what rights do countries have in the high seas

mineral resources after the process to establish the outer border of the continental shelf

all countries may fish and go to sea here

what is seabed authority

determines access and licenses

what is the area in the laws of the sea

seabed, ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction

role of seabed authority

what is the antartic treaty system

governing international relations including scientific research

antartica should be used for peaceful purposes only

what are the main points of the antarctic treaty (10)

no military use

freedom of scientific investigation

free exchange of scientific plans and data

any territorial claims put on hold

nuclear free zone

applies to land but not seas

all stations can be inspected by other nations

national laws apply to citizens not areas

can be modified at any time

all treaty nations must ensure no actions against the treaty happens

what is the outer space treaty

exploration benefit and interest all of mankind

no nuclear weapons

moon and celestial bodies must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes

should avoid contamination

what are outer space’s challenges to international law

where does states airspace end

how much of national sovereignty to yield

cooperation with others or not

risk of operational espionage by others to national security

risk of increase in ariflight objects

what is the context go global environmental governance

growing human rights consciousness

broader definition

increased coupling of economic development with the environment

changing scientific knowledge

clear evidence and experience of climate change

what were the 3 conventions adopted after Rio

UNFCCC, Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Convention to Combat Desertification

what is UNFCCC

United Nations framework convention on climate change

what is the UNFCCC

sets overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to address challenges of climate change

to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere

what is the Kyoto Protocol

set binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets

invented carbon credits/offset mechanism

what was the Paris Agreement

set goal to limit global warming to under 2C if possible 1.5C

what was the Glasgow Climate Pact

target of below 1.5C warming based on pre-industrial levels

phase down, not out coal power generation by 2030

increased climate adaptation financing by developed to developing countries

what are global environmental governance and action challenges

conflicting interests

sovereignty vs common interest

North-South divide

what is the contemporary ecosystem perspective

various environmental issues are integrally related to each other and have critical economic repercussions e.g. population growth rates

what is the negative implication of a lack of critical resources

threat to state’s security and unsustainable environmental practices can lead to violence and wars

what is the Stockholm conference

put environmental issues on the UN agenda

construction of international environmental instutitons

expansion of environmental agenda

increasing acceptance of international environmental standards and monitoring regimes

extensive involvement of NGOs, scientific and technical policymaking efforts

what did the North prioritise after the Stockholm conference

preservation of species

halt environmental and transbroder pollution

what did the south fear after the Stockholm conference

environmental regulation would stop economic growth

divert resources from economic development

what is the Stockholm declaration

soft-law statement

states and international organisations to coordinate activities

states obligation to protect the environment and responsibility not to damage the environment of other states

environmental policies should enhance developing countries

not use environmental concerns as a reason to discriminate in trade