IB Sports Science Y1 Exam

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• Brain and spinal cord

• Processes and interprets sensory information

• Responsible for functions such as coordinating movements

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

• All non-CNS nerves

• Divided into afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)

• Afferent send signals to the CNS and Efferent send signals from the CNS to organs, tissues, and systems in the rest of the body

Brain

Computer that processes conscious and unconscious thought

Spinal Cord

Enables information to be sent from the brain to the rest of the body

Afferent (sensory) vs Efferent (motor)

• Parts of PNS

• Afferent nerves detect certain conditions and sends signals to the CNS

• CNS then sends signals to the rest of the body via efferent nerves

Somatic vs Autonomic neurons

• Different types of efferent (motor) neurons

• Somatic neurons control voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

• Autonomic neurons regulate involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and breathing

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic neurons

• Types of autonomic nerves

• Sympathetic nervous system creates a “fight or flight” response that triggers things like increased heart rate and blood pressure

• Parasympathetic nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as digestion, urination, and glandular secretion

  • Promotes rest and conservation of energy, helping to support homeostasis

Function of Sympathetic Nervous System

• Creates a fast, “fight or flight” reaction

• Triggers increased heart rate, dilation of bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs, and increased blood pressure

• Beneficial for exercise/physically demanding activity

Functions of Parasympathetic Nervous System

• Conserves energy and regulates involuntary actions

• Controls things like digestion, urination, and glandular secretion

Angular Velocity

L=i*w

• L - Angular velocity

• i - moment of inertia

• w - angular velocity

Moment of Inertia

• Body position of mass in relation to the rotational point

• An object’s “resistance” to angular acceleration

• When i is higher, an object rotates more slowly (angular velocity or angular momentum decrease)

Coefficient of Restitution

• Indicates elasticity (bounce)

• High = very bouncy, low = not very bouncy

Coefficient of Friction

• M (mu)

• Higher the more friction an object has (from 0-1)

Systolic Pressure

• When the heart contracts

• All blood is being pushed away

Diastolic Pressure

• When the heart expands

• The heart refills with blood

Cardiac Output (L/min)

Stroke volume (mL) * Heart Rate (bpm)

Path of a Red Blood Cell

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → right semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aorta → rest of body

Lung Volumes

• Tidal - amount you breathe at rest

• Inspiratory reserve - maximum amount air you can inhale

• Expiratory reserve - maximum amount of air you can exhale

• Vital capacity - total amount of air you can move

• Total lung capacity - all air in lungs (including residual)

• Residual - amount of unmovable air in system at all times

Cardiovascular Drifft

Caused by water loss from the body or an increase in core body temperature during a prolonged steady state of submaximal exercise in thermoneutral and hot environments